1. NEWSPAPERS

2. Early American newspapers zColonial newspapers in Boston, Philadelphia, New York, South Carolina generally fell into two categories: yPARTISAN PRESS: political bias, argued for one perspective yCOMMERCIAL PRESS: served interests of business and economic leaders zBy 1765, about 30 newspapers, with the first daily paper in 1784

3. Readership was primarily limited to elite and educated men: WHY? zLow literacy rate among working and middle classes zNewspaper production and distribution was expensive zNewspaper subscription rates were high zPress did not address middle and upper class women’s interests or those of the working class

4. The Penny Press (1820s) zIndustrial Revolution: new technologies make mass publishing cheaper/faster zNew strategies by some publishers to attract newly-literate working-class readers yLowered cost to one penny per issue yFocus on local events, scandals and crime yBy 1848, gained access to shared national coverage yRan serialized stories yHuman interest stories yCelebrity news yFashion notes yJokes

5. ERA of YELLOW JOURNALISM (1890s) zage of SENSATIONALISM (to attract readers/consumers) zage of INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING (to crusade for common people)

6. Industry Giants: Pulitzer & Hearst zJOSEPH PULITZER: Eastern European immigrant, built empire from St. Louis Post-Dispatch to New York World yappealed to working classes ypromoted consumerism ycrusaded against corruption

7. Industry Giants: Pulitzer & Hearst zWILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST : son of U.S. senator, built empire from San Francisco Examiner to New York Journal: yappealed to immigrant and working class ysensational journalism (like tabloids today) ychampion of the underdog ymodel for Citizen Kane (1941 film)

8. OBJECTIVE JOURNALISM: Inverted Pyramid Style of Reporting zWhat? Efficient model for news reporting zHow? Concentrated main details about news at top of story (WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, and HOW ) zWhy? Initially, to ensure that primary elements got through telegraph transmissions, but also to aid editors

9. INTERPRETIVE JOURNALISM zA style of reporting that tries to put issues and events in broader social and historical context zExplanatory, interpretive analysis of news zWhy? yObjectivity has limits in an increasingly complex world and people want analysis yRadio (and later television and the web) could provide the instant coverage that newspapers could not, but they don’t generally have the space to do stories in depth zPublic Journalism

10. ETHNIC, MINORITY, and OPPOSITIONAL NEWSPAPERS zIndependent newspapers for immigrant, racial and ethnic groups yHispanic press yNative American press yAfrican-American press yThe underground press

11. What is the role of a free press in a democratic society? 1.Why does it have special protection under the constitution? 2.Does that protection in turn require any special efforts on the part of the press?