1. Forking, w/ Unified VM Wrapup Vivek Pai / Kai Li Princeton University

2. 2 Gedankenverification Why is perfect LRU reasonable for the filesystem disk cache but not for the VM pages? How does the filesystem know what pages it has? What are the steps involved prior to a page being demand loaded in a VM system? What are the possible results of a TLB miss?

3. 3 Mechanics Last quiz graded Midterm on Thursday In class Closed everything (no book, no notes, etc) Apply Occam’s razor when answering questions Some short answer, some quiz-like questions, maybe some multiple choice or true/false Don’t panic

4. 4 Fear Is The Mind-killer “I must not fear. Fear is the mind-killer Fear is the little death that brings total obliteration I will face my fear I will permit it to pass over me and through me And when it has gone past I will turn the inner eye to see its path Where the fear has gone there will be nothing Only I will remain” – Dune, Frank Herbert, specifically from the Bene Gesserit Litany Against Fear

5. 5 The Big Picture We’ve talked about single evictions Most computers are multiprogrammed Single eviction decision still needed New concern – allocating resources How to be “fair enough” and achieve good overall throughput This is a competitive world – local and global resource allocation decisions

6. 6 Imagine a Global LRU Global – across all processes Idea – when a page is needed, pick the oldest page in the system Problems? Process mixes? Interactive processes Active large-memory sweep processes Mitigating damage?

7. 7 Source of Disk Access VM System Main memory caches - full image on disk Filesystem Even here, caching very useful New competitive pressure/decisions How do we allocate memory to these two? How do we know we’re right?

8. 8 Partitioning Memory Originally, specified by administrator 20% used as filesystem cache by default On fileservers, admin would set to 80% Each subsystem owned pages, replaced them Observation: they’re all basically pages Why not let them compete? Result: unified memory systems – file/VM

9. 9 File Access Efficiency read(fd, buf, size) Buffer in process’s memory Data exists in two places – filesystem cache & process’s memory Known as “double buffering” Various scenarios Many processes read same file Process wants only parts of a file, but doesn’t know which parts in advance

10. 10 Result: Memory-Mapped Files File Process A File Process B File Process C Map Process A Map Process B Map Process C File

11. 11 Lazy Versus Eager Eager: do things right away read(fd, buf, size) – returns # bytes read Bytes must be read before read completes What happens if size is big? Lazy: do them as they’re needed mmap(…) – returns pointer to mapping Mapping must exist before mmap completes When/how are bytes read? What happens if size is big?

12. 12 Semantics: How Things Behave What happens when Two process obtain data (read or mmap) One process modifies data Two processes obtain data (read or mmap) A third process modifies data The two processes access the data

13. 13 Being Too Smart… Assume a unified VM/File scheme You’ve implemented perfect Global LRU What happens on a filesystem “dump”?

14. 14 Amdahl’s Law Gene Amdahl (IBM, then Amdahl) Noticed the bottlenecks to speedup Assume speedup affects one component New time = (1-not affected) + affected/speedup In other words, diminishing returns

15. 15 NT x86 Virtual Address Space Layouts 00000000 7FFFFFFF 80000000 System cache Paged pool Nonpaged pool Kernel & exec HAL Boot drivers Process page tables Hyperspace Application code Globals Per-thread stacks DLL code 3-GB user space 1-GB system space BFFFFFFF C0000000 FFFFFFFF C0000000 C0800000

16. 16 Virtual Address Space in Win95 and Win98 00000000 7FFFFFFF 80000000 Operating system (Ring 0 components) Shared, process-writable (DLLs, shared memory, Win16 applications) Win95 and Win98 User accessible FFFFFFFF C0000000 Unique per process (per application), user mode Systemwide user mode Systemwide kernel mode

17. 17 Details with VM Management Create a process’s virtual address space Allocate page table entries (reserve in NT) Allocate backing store space (commit in NT) Put related info into PCB Destroy a virtual address space Deallocate all disk pages (decommit in NT) Deallocate all page table entries (release in NT) Deallocate all page frames

18. 18 More Lazy Versus Eager Issues Assume 1GB of swap space Assume 6 processes each do buf = malloc(1024*1024*1024); Should these operations proceed? What if they memset(buf, 0, 1024*1024)? What if they memset(buf, 0, 1024*1024*1024)? This happened in reality: IBM’s AIX OS

19. 19 Page States (NT) Active : Part of a working set and a PTE points to it Transition : I/O in progress (not in any working sets) Standby : Was in a working set, but removed. A PTE points to it, not modified and invalid. Modified : Was in a working set, but removed. A PTE points to it, modified and invalid. Modified no write : Same as modified but no write back Free : Free with non-zero content Zeroed : Free with zero content Bad : hardware errors

20. 20 Working set replacement Page in or allocation Demand zero fault Dynamics in NT VM Process working set Standby list Modified list Modified writer “Soft” faults Free list Zero thread Zero list Bad list

21. 21 How To Launch a New Process? Obvious choice: “start process” system call But not all processes start the same “testprogram” versus “testprogram >& outfile” versus “testprogram arg1 arg2 >& outfile” The “parent” process wants to specify various aspects of the child’s “environment” Next step: add more parameters to specify environment

22. 22 Can We Generalize? What happens as more information gets added to the process’s “environment” – more parameters? New system calls? This gets ugly What’s the most general way of setting up all of the environment? So, why not allow process setup at any point? This is the exec( ) system call (and its variants)

23. 23 But We Want a Parent and a Child The exec call “destroys” the current process So, instead, destroy a copy of the process The fork( ) call duplicates the current process Better yet, don’t tightly couple fork and exec This way, you can customize the child’s environment So what does fork( ) entail? Making a copy of everything about the process Ouch!

24. 24 What Gets Copied So far, we’ve covered the following: VM system File system Signals How do we go about copying this information? What parts are easy to copy, and what’s hard? What’s the common case with fork/exec? What needs to get preserved in this scenario?

25. 25 Shared Memory How to destroy a virtual address space? Link all PTEs Reference count How to swap out/in? Link all PTEs Operation on all entries How to pin/unpin? Link all PTEs Reference count........................ Process 1 Process 2 w...... w Page table Physical pages

26. 26........................ Copy-On-Write Child’s virtual address space uses the same page mapping as parent’s Make all pages read-only Make child process ready On a read, nothing happens On a write, generates an access fault map to a new page frame copy the page over restart the instruction Parent process Child process r r...... r r Page table Physical pages

27. 27 Issues of Copy-On-Write How to destroy an address space Same as shared memory case? How to swap in/out? Same as shared memory How to pin/unpin Same as shared memory