1. Quantum Simulations of Materials Under Extreme Conditions David M. Ceperley Richard M. Martin Simone Chiesa Ed Bukhman William D. Mattson* Xinlu Cheng Department of Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Not supported by the MURI grant *Thesis at University of Illinois, 2003 now at Army research Lab

2. Simulations of energetic materials from the fundamental equations Simulation techniques are essential to “solve” many-body problems: e.g. classical simulations of atoms & molecules, reactions, thermal motion Combine Quantum Monte Carlo, DFT and Quantum Chemistry methods –Density Functional Theory (DFT) Most widely used approach for large scale simulations of nuclei and electrons In principle exact, but, in practice, limited by the approximate functionals –Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) Most accurate method for large, many-electron systems A wavefunction-based approach Provides benchmark quality results for systems of 1000’s of valence electrons Can describe matter from plasmas to molecules to condensed matter Provides improved functionals for DFT DFT provides input for QMC trial functions Development of new methods --- Applications to energetic materials

3. Nitrogen under extreme conditions DFT simulations as a function of pressure and temperature SIESTA code – GGA functional Dissociation and exotic behavior in shock waves Squeezed & Cooled Hot molecular liquid --- 58 Gpa 7600 K Nitrogen molecules dissociate and reform – Connected structures – non-molecular – Two-fold (chain-like) and three-fold (cubic gauche-like) – Large energy barriers – Glassy behavior and meta-stability at low temperature – Prediction of new structures at low temperature

4. Nitrogen under extreme conditions Molecular N 2 – N 6 Hexagonal packed zig-zag chains Volume/atom Energy/atom Known  phase W. D. Mattson, D. Sanchez-Portal, S. Chiesa, R. M. Martin, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2004) New low energy structures found in low temperature simulations Previously predicted “Cubic Gauche”

5. Nitrogen: New structures predicted New low energy crystal structures found from simulations at low temperature GGA functional Known  phase Hexagonal packed zig-zag chains Molecular N 2 – N 6 structure Top view Side view Fermi Surface of Hexagonal packed zig-zag chains - Two types of bands

6. Oxygen: Prediction of energies of atomic phases at high pressure Calculations for simple metallic structures using same method as used for nitrogen – SIESTA with GGA Energy per atom - eV Volume per atom - A 3 Magnetic Transition Collaboration with Brenner to make improved potentials for O Simple cubic is most stable

7. Preliminary molecular calculations to study dissociation pathways Goal: full simulations in condensed phase at high temperature and pressure Nitromethane: CH 3 -NO 2 Calculations using SIESTA with GGA Related to work in recent papers –Kabadi and Rice, J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 532 (2004) –Manna, Reed, Fried, Galli, and Gygi, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 10146 ( 2004)

8. Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations of energetic materials Symbiosis between QMC & DFT-quantum chemistry approaches –QMC gives benchmark quality results for systems of 1000’s of valence electrons – can describe condensed matter QMC denotes several stochastic methods: –Variational Monte Carlo ( T=0) –Projector Monte Carlo - diffusion MC –Path Integral Monte Carlo ( T>0) –Coupled electron-ion Monte Carlo (separating energy scales) What is “niche” for QMC in understanding energetic materials? –Systems with strong correlation such as –Rearrangements of electrons during reactions –Nearly degenerate structures –Disordered systems such as liquids –Significant electronic excitations or temperature effects New advances this year

9. New method for correcting size effects Able to treat anisotropic structures, metals, insulators,.. Potential energy correction from low k-limit of charge-charge response function, S(k). Kinetic energy corrections from Brillouin zone integration within DFT. Much smaller size dependence Hence, more accurate extrapolation to thermodynamic limit

10. Results for Nitrogen structures: QMC (with extrapolation) compared to DFT QMC supports our main result using PBE-GGA Energy of chain very close to cubic gauche; curves very similar QMC finds shifts in the total energy relative to the N 2 molecule

11. Bond dissociation energies of nitro and amino molecules QMC studies of energetic molecules in kcal/mol. Reasonable numbers even for largest molecules. Statistical error < 1 kcal/mol More work needed on minimizing fixed-node error moleculeDMCOther theoryExp. Methylamine CH 3 -NH 2 86.681.5 DFT85.7 Nitroamine NH 2 -NO 2 62.353.6 G2 Nitromethane CH 3 -NO 2 64.254.6 DFT60.8-63.7 DMN (CH 3 ) 2 N-NO 2 52.539.6-43.8 RDX C 3 H 6 N 5 O 4 -NO 2 72.141.6 DFT

12. Long standing problem: forces in QMC Hellman-Feynman forces have infinite variance. Our approach: inside core: fit p-wave electronic QMC density using a polynomial basis. outside core: compute force directly with HF equation Exact if electronic density is exact. Need to use forward walking or reptation to get the density. Method is local, very simple to program, and fast. Is it accurate?

13. Accuracy of bond distances: comparison with other methods All other bond distances taken from the NIST website QMC predicts bond lengths to 0.4% As accurate as other approaches Slower convergence for large Z Goal: applications to structures of energetic materials Chiesa, Ceperley, Zhang, Sept. 04, physics/0409087 Relative error wrt experiment

14. Coupled Ionic-Electronic Simulations Much progress in recent years with “ab initio” molecular dynamics simulations. However density functional theory is not always accurate enough. Use power of current commodity processors to enhance accuracy of simulations –Empirical potentials (e.g. Lennard-Jones) –Local density functional theory or other mean field methods (Car- Parrinello or ab initio MD) –Quantum Monte Carlo: CEIMC method Method demonstrated on molecular and metallic hydrogen at extreme pressures and temperatures. Fast code!

15. CEIMC calculations on dense H Temperature dependence in CPMD-LDA is off by 100%. e-p distribution function At the same temperatureLDA scaled by 2

16. We find a stable solid melting about 100K. Hydrogen Phase Diagram

17. Progress this year Calculation of energy of new solid nitrogen structures –New method for QMC finite size corrections –Comparison of QMC and DFT –Paper published in PRL Calculation of high pressure oxygen Survey of nitro amines bond dissociation energies with QMC. –Direct coupling of QMC with DFT calculations New method for computing forces within QMC –Combines simplicity with accuracy. –Paper submitted Major effort to produce next generation QMC codes. CEIMC calculations of dense hydrogen showing major problems with DFT temperature scale.

18. Plans for next year Develop new CEIMC/PIMC code able to treat systems beyond hydrogen. –Appropriate pseudopotentials –Appropriate trial functions –Able to use Teraflop resources effectively. –Apply to energetic materials DFT simulations of energetic materials at high temperature and pressure –Search for dissociation mechanisms and pathways –Molecules and condensed systems, e.g., nitromethane –Initiate studies of more complex systems, e.g., RDX Benchmark studies for chemical reactions using QMC molecular forces. Feasibility study for full simulations of energetic liquids in detonation conditions.