1. Programming TCP Clients

2. InetAddress Class An IP address identifies uniquely a host in the internet, which consists of 4 numbers (1 byte each one) in the IPV4. The InetAddress class is an object which store such type of data and has some functions to get the host name from the IP number or vice-versa It has no constructors, but an object factory. A new object of this class is created with –InetAddress n = InetAddress.getLocalHost() –InetAddress n = InetAddress.getByName(nombre) Following methods can be applied: –String nombre = n.getHostName() –String direccion = n.getHostAddress() See InetExample.java & Names.java

3. PURL URL = Uniform Resource Locator It is used to connect to a web server and donload the resources it offers The URL class

4. The URL A URL is a UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR. It is a unique address of a resource a web server has released in the Internet. A URL consists of 3 principal components: – the protocol descriptor. The most used may be http which stands for HyperText Tranfer Protocol but there is also a File Transfer protocol (ftp), Gopher, File o News. – The hostname of the maschine which “serves” the resource –The name of the resource in that maschine With Java, it is possible to open an URL and read its content as it were stored in a file. For that, it is necessary to create an URL object with at least the 3 components named above.

5. The URL Constructors for a URL object: –URL aRUL = new URL(“http://www.arminco.com/index.html”); –URL aURL = new URL(“http”;”www.arminco.com”,”index.html”); –URL aURL = new URL(“http”,”www.arminco.com”,80,”index.html”); While creating a URL object an exception of the MalformedURLException class may be generated. Because of this, some measurements must be taken (use a try-catch) try { URL miURL = new URL(....); } catch(MalFormedURLException e) { // code for reacting to the exception } Methods available for objects of the : getProtocol(), getHost(), getPort(), getFile(), openConnection()

6. The URL If we know beforehand that the content of a URL is text, we can retrieve it with the following piece of program: import java.net.*; import java,io.*; public class LeerURL { public static void main(String args[]) { try { URL miURL = new URL(“http://www.dcc.uchile.cl”); URLConnection c = miURL.openConnection(); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader ( new InputStreamReader(c.getInputStream())); String line; while ((line = in.readLine() != null) System.out.prinln(line); c.close(); catch(MalFormedURLException e) { System.out.pritnln(e);} }

7. The TCP Client’s Socket A socket is an abstraction representing one end in a communication link between two programs. A socket is always bound to port (although sometimes this will be not evident for the programmer). The port is the way an application identifies itself with the TCP/IP layer A server which runs on a server is associated to certain port. This means it listen at a certain to requests from the clients whishing to establish a communication. In order to establish a communication for a client it is necessary for it to previously know 1- the port number, 2- the host address. Having this information the client tries a rendezvous where the client is already running and listening.

8. TCP Client in Java (1) For trying a rendezvous in Java (with a TCP server, which could have been written in any language) we must create an object of the Socket class Socket calling; String host = “a_host_address”; calling = new Socket(host,7); A host address can be given as an IP number or name: dichato.dcc.uchile.cl or 192.24.80.40. In the first case Java will do the DNS lookup first. The creation of a socket is a blocking statement. This means that the execution of the program will block until the creation returns a socket connected to the server or a null if it fails. A failure to create a socket may arise if there is no such host in the internet, if the host is not currently reachable, of if there is no server listening to that port on that host. The is a timeout for this sentence. A failure will throw an Exception. It is therefore necessary to program the socket creation within a try-and-catch block

9. TCP Client in Java (2) If the socket is created then we can open an inputStream and an ouputStream from that socket in order to read data from an write data into the server. PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(calling.getOutputStream(), true); BufferedReader In = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(calling.getInputStream())); getInputStream & getOutputStream open byte oriented data streams. Printwriter & BufferedReader are “filters” which convert bytes into text (string with end-of-line marks) and vice-versa. out.print(“hello”); out.println(“how are you ?”); String linea = in.readLine(); Print, println and readLine are blocking sentences. For using readLine we must be sure the server will send and eol mark. How can we program our own echo client ?.

10. The date server just waits until someone tries a rendezvous and answers with the current date of the server. Then the server breaks the communication (3). This means the client must try rendezvous (1) and then read the response of the server (2). Date server 13 Client A Client for the date server 1 2 3 DateClient

11. The echo server waits until someone makes a rendezvous. The it reads “line-by-line” what the client sends and answers with the same. The connection must be broken by the client. A Client for the echo server Echo server 7 Client 1 2 3 EchoClient

12. The server waits for a request, analyses it and then sends a (variable) set of lines. After that the server breakes the communication A finger client Finger server 7 Client 1 Finger [-l] [ ]@host 3 Finger

13. This protocol is described in the rfc 1939 (internet protocol descriptions) See http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html A pop client for mail retrieving mail pop server 110 Client 1 cliente_pop \ 3 Cliente_pop

14. A SMTP client for mail sending mail SMTP server 25 Client 1 We will provide a graphic interface for sending Mails from a local computer ClienteSMTP

15. A generic client in Java ? import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class Cliente { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { Socket echoSocket = null; PrintWriter out = null; BufferedReader in = null; if (args.length != 2) System.out.println(“Use: java GClient ”); int nport = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); try { echoSocket = new Socket(args[0], nport); out = new PrintWriter(echoSocket.getOutputStream(), true); in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(echoSocket.getInputStream())); } catch (UnknownHostException e) { System.err.println("Don't know about host: "+ args[0]); System.exit(1); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Couldn't get I/O for the connection to: "+args[0]); System.exit(1); } > }

16. The Sockets constructors Socket(String host, int port) The port must be in the range 1-65,535 Socket(Inet Address host, int port) The same but with an InetAddress object as parameter Socket(String host, int port, String localHost, int localport) Every TCP communication consists of a local and remote host and a local and remote port. This constructor allows us to specify all them. Specifying local address makes only sense when local computer is multihomed (more than one address). Null = default address. Sometimes it is necessary to specify the local port (firewalls). 0 = the system will assign a random port number from the still available. Numbers from 1 to 1025 should not be used as they are reserved for “well known services” like echo, telnet finger, ftp.

17. More Socket methods in Java InetAddress getInetAddress() returns the IP address of the remote host to which the socket is connected int getPort() returns the port number to which the socket at the other extreme is bound InetAddress getLocalAddress() returns the IP address of the local host int getLocalPort() returns the port number to to which the socket is bound. void setSoTimeout(int timeout) sets timeout in milliseconds for a read operation on this socket. 0 = no timeout, this can block the operation indefinitely. If the reading operation is not completed in that time an InterruptedIOException is thrown int getSoTimeout() returns the timeout of the socket

18. More Socket methods in Java void setTcpNoDelay(boolean on) Disables/Enables using the Nagel’s algorithm which makes TCP more efficient by delaying the writing (sending) of small amounts of data until there is enough data to send. This may introduce some unacceptable delays for some applications. boolean getTcpNoDelay() returns whether the Nagel’s algorithm is working or not void setSoLinger(boolean on, int val) allows to set a linger time-out (in milliseconds). Linger is the time the socket communication remains “open” by the system after the program closes it. This will allow to receive packages for confirmation which are still delayed and avoid the using of the same port on the same machine for some 4 min. int getSoLinger () returns the current linger setting or –1 if not set. void setSendBufferSize(int size) int getSendBufferSize() void setReceiveBufferSize(int size) int getReceiveBufferSize() Sockets.java

19. Socket originated Exceptions Many of the Socket constructors and methods throw an exception. These instructions should be programmed inside a try-and-catch block Most of the thrown exceptions are objects from a subclass of the IOException class –BindException: the requested local port or address could not be used. Typically when the port is already used or it is a system port or the local address is not a valid one. –ConnectException: connection refused because there was no server listening to that port on the remote host. –NoRouteToHostException: remote host could not be reached typically because of network problems or a firewall UnknownHostException: the given host address is not valid (DNS Lookup filed)