1. Computer Networks Multimedia and Multicast

2. Outline F Multimedia Overview F Receiver-Driven Layered Multicast F UDP Sockets (coming soon) F IP Multicast (coming soon) F Misc (coming soon)

3. Multimedia Overview F Talking about continuous media –RealAudio, RealVideo, Internet Phone F Typically thought of as high-bandwidth –raw video 30 Mbps –but not necessarily true u compressed audio 8 Kbps u compressed video 2 Mbps F New computer is “multimedia ready” –plenty of CPU power –special devices (MMX, video chips …) F So … what’s the problem?

4. Multimedia on the Internet “The Internet” OS Support Router Compression Protocol

5. Multimedia Overview F Today, just about every new computer is “multimedia ready” –plenty of CPU power –special devices (MMX, video chips …) F So … what’s the problem?

6. Multimedia Performance Server Client S0S0 S2S2 S1S1 S3S3 time C0C0 C1C1 S4S4 C2C2 C3C3 t0t0 t0t0 Delay Jitter Data Loss

7. Internet Shortcomings F Designed for “text-based” applications –without strict timing constraints –with strict loss constraints F “Bursty” traffic –high variance in delay –periods of heavy packet loss F Limited network protocols for applications

8. Internet Protocols F TCP –delivers every byte u unbounded delay! –stream semantics –fixed flow control –unicast –… big bleah! F UDP –“best-effort” delivery u unbounded loss! –packet semantics –no flow control –multicast add-on –… bleah! “Sigh. I guess I’ll use UDP since it is better than TCP. Or … not?”

9. The Internet Today F Mostly TCP traffic –96%: ftp, telnet, nntp, smtp… (tcplib’92) F Optimized for TCP –“Thinner” OS protocol stacks –Vegas, Reno, Tahoe … F Punish “non-responsive” flows –UDP –RED, ECN

10. Receiver-driven Layered Multicast Steven McCanne, Van Jacobson and Martin Vetterli ACM SIGCOMM, Stanford CA, August 1996

11. Network heterogeneity One output to multiple users with varied capabilities Who decides the rate? What is the network capacity ? Problem

12. Solution? Multiple levels of quality across multiple network channels Receivers decide their own rates of reception Note, requires layered media streams

13. Layered Stream

14. The RLM Protocol F High level abstraction –on congestion, drop a layer –on spare capacity, add a layer F Q : How does the receiver decide ? –detection time –capacity inference

15. Event Sequence At a well-chosen time conduct a join experiment If congestion is experienced, leave the new group If no congestion, try to join next higher group

16. Tiny RLM

17. Taking a Walk 0 | Tiny Movies F Text-based frames F One frame per second –sleep! alarm! setitimer! Taking a Walk 0 | / \ Taking a Walk 0 |