1. Modeling of Plants Josh Markwordt November 27, 2007

2. Overview Modeling Plants –L-systems and plants –Turtle interpretation of L-systems –2D and 3D examples Simulating plant motion –Common plant representations –Plant motion based on wind –Competition between plants –Simulation level of detail with plants

3. Modeling Plants Development process of plants is captured in the formalism of L-systems –Aristid Lindenmayer introduced L-systems in 1968 as a framework for studying development of simple multicellular organisms –Later applied to investigate higher plants and plant organs –Geometric interpretations of L-systems allowed realistic graphical visualizations of plants

4. Modeling Plants: L-systems L-systems make use of rewriting – defining complex objects by successively replacing parts of a simple initial object using a set of rewriting rules or productions Other examples of rewriting: –Koch (and later Mandelbrot’s) snowflake curve –Grammars to describe the syntactic features of natural languages (rewriting notation Backus-Naur Form) –Conway’s Game of Life

5. L-system Example In grammars, production rules are applied sequentially, whereas in L-systems they are applied in parallel and simultaneously replace all letters in a given word For example: –a  ab means the letter a is to be replaced with ab –b  a means the letter b is to be replaced with a

6. Turtle Interpretations of L-systems Prusinkiewicz focused on an interpretation based on a LOGO-style turtle A state of the turtle is defined as a triplet (x, y, α) –Cartesian coordinates (x, y) represent the turtle’s position –Angle α, called the heading, is interpreted as the direction in which the turtle is facing Given the step size d and the angle increment δ, the turtle can respond to commands Can be extended to 3D

7. Turtle Symbols for L-systems The following symbols control turtle orientation in space: –+ Turn left by angle δ, using rotation matrix R U (δ). –− Turn right by angle δ, using rotation matrix R U (−δ). –& Pitch down by angle δ, using rotation matrix R L (δ). –^ Pitch up by angle δ, using rotation matrix R L (−δ). –\ Roll left by angle δ, using rotation matrix R H (δ). –/ Roll right by angle δ, using rotation matrix R H (−δ). –| Turn around, using rotation matrix R U (180◦). Additional symbols to allow for axial branching: –[ Push the current state of the turtle onto a pushdown stack. The information saved on the stack contains the turtle’s position and orientation, and possibly other attributes such as the color and width of lines being drawn. –] Pop a state from the stack and make it the current state of the turtle. No line is drawn, although in general the position of the turtle changes.

8. 2D Examples

9. 3D Example Production p4 specifies the leaf as a filled polygon with six edges. Its boundary is formed from the edges f enclosed between the braces { and } The symbols ! and are used to decrement the diameter of segments and increment the current index to the color table

10. More Examples

13. Simulating Plant Motion Simulating plant motion believably is a combination of understanding –How to physically represent the structure of a plant –The forces which act on that plant (both external and internal)

14. Simulating Plant Movement Plants that grow on stalks (wheat, sunflowers, etc) can be modeled by the equation Where is the rotational stiffness of this oscillator K is the rotational stiffness due to stem elasticity C is a dissipation term When stem is pulled away from its vertical equilibrium it is subjected to two counteracting forces: one resulting from gravity, the other from stem elasticity

15. Simulating Plant Movement Continuous crop canopy model Provided d is small compared to the characteristic length of variation of  The dynamic equation for the evolution of the angle  which has the form of a wave equation for an equivalent continuous medium

16. Simulating Plant Movement Branch axis conceptualized as an inextensible elastic rod of length L Natural parameters denote the arc-length distance of a point P from the base of the rod Given vectors H(0), L(0) and U(0) specifying the initial reference frame at s=0, the rate of rotation  determines the reference frame HLU at any point on the rod as the solution to

17. Simulating Plant Movement K is the external force per unit length, acting on the rod at P The accumulated force F and the moment of force M caused by the rod segment [s,L] acting on the rod at P

18. Simulating Plant Movement Since the orientation of the frame at the proximal end is known, computation proceeds outward to calculate the orientation of the frame HLU at each point of the rod. (analogous formulae for L and U) Since the boundary values at the distal end of the rod are known, computation proceeds inward for distribution of the external forces and moments along the rod.

19. Forces Affecting Plant Motion Wind Competition with other plants for resources Some others that will not be covered in detail: –Primary and secondary (radial) growth –Tropism: a turning movement in response to an environmental stimulus

20. Tree Motion Due to Wind Discretize trees into a set of N branches Deviation from the branch segment is described by a cubic curve whose shape depends on the six displacements Grouped displacements into a 6N-dimensional vector u

21. Tree Motion Due to Wind Evolution of the displacements can be condensed into the following dynamic equation M is the mass matrix C is the damping matrix (assumed to be proportional to the mass matrix via a damping coefficient  ) K is the stiffness matrix The force f accounts for the external loading due to wind

22. Tree Motion Due to Wind Force vector constructed from the loads f k on each individual branch caused by a wind field v(x,t) Pressure p k (t,s) acting on a single branch k is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the velocity (often assumed to be a linear relationship for small displacements): The density of the air, , is approximately equal to 1.2 kg/m 2 C D denotes the lateral drag coefficient r k (s) is the thickness along the branch P k is an operator which projects the velocity onto the plane normal to the direction of the branch

23. Competition for Resources Field of Neighbor Model can be used to describe competion for light and nutrients Each plant has circular zone of influence a and b are constants and depend on the intensity of the resources underground and intensity of light above ground If the plant is in a fertile environment, a and b will be small and the zone will be small Otherwise the zone will be large and competition will occur

24. Competition for Resources The possible growth rate of a single plant without considering the competition of it’s neighbor is denoted by MGR is the maximum growth rate of the plant R max is the maximum size of the plant Where C equals the competition factor: Where  is the competition factor in interval [0,1] and can be determined for different systems of competition (light, nutrients, etc)

25. Simulation Level of Detail Natural use of branching structure of plants to aid in simulation level of detail Parent with terminal child are combined into a single new (terminal) segment

26. Simulation Level of Detail Parent with multiple terminal children, those children are replaced by a single terminal child

27. Simulation Level of Detail Substitution segments precomputed (certain degree of error allowed) Simplification is made to simulation structure to decrease the complexity of motion – the tree can still be rendered with the same number of polygons

28. Results Videos

29. References Alsweis, M. Extended Competition Rules for Interacting Plants. The 15 th International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision 2007.Extended Competition Rules for Interacting Plants. Beaudoin, J., Keyser, J. Simulation Levels of Detail for Plant Motion. Symposium on Computer Animation, pp.297-304 2004.Simulation Levels of Detail for Plant Motion. Di Giacomo, T., Capo, S., Faure, F.: An Interactive Forest. Proc. of Eurographics Workshop on Computer Animation and Simulation (2001), pp. 65-74.An Interactive Forest. Doare, O., Moulia, B., Langre, E. de. Effect of Plant Interaction on Wind-Induced Crop Motion Journal of Biomechanical Engineering April 2004 Vol 126, Issue 2, pp. 146-151.Effect of Plant Interaction on Wind-Induced Crop Motion Li, W., Guo, W., Feng, G., Meng, Y., Li, M. Broad-leaf Virtual Plant. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology 2006, pp. 734-738.Broad-leaf Virtual Plant.

30. References (cont.) Martin Fuhrer, Henrik Wann Jensen, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz: Modeling Hairy Plants. In Proceedings of Pacific Graphics 2004, pp. 217-226. Modeling Hairy Plants. Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw; Lindenmayer, Aristid The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer-Verlag, 1990.The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw. L-systems and Beyond. SIGGRAPH 2003 Course Notes.L-systems and Beyond. Stam, J.: Stochastic Dynamics: Simulating the Effects of Turbulence on Flexible Structures. Proc. of Eurographics (1997), vol. 16, no. 3, pp. C159-C164.Stochastic Dynamics: Simulating the Effects of Turbulence on Flexible Structures.