1. NATS 101 Lecture 28 Lightning

2. Review: Thunderstorms A cumulonimbus with lightning and thunder! Deep layer of conditionally unstable air is necessary to produce a thunderstorm. Several types of thunderstorms. Single Cell, Multicell, Squall Line, Mesoscale Convective Complexes, Supercells Pose major hazards to public and economy. Lightning, Hail, Microburst Winds, Flash Flooding, Tornadoes

3. Lightning Basics What is lightning? An electric discharge, or spark, that occurs in thunderstorms (usually) 80% occurs within clouds 20% occurs between cloud and ground Lightning is ubiquitous, with more than 6,000 ground strikes per minute from 40,000 thunderstorms per day worldwide

4. Lightning Videos Ground Cam example of In-Cloud (IC) Lightning Cloud-to-Cloud (CC) Lightning Forked Lightning IC Lightning Video from MetEd/UCAR MCC Lightning from Space Shuttle Lightning from Space Video from NASA

5. Lightning Pictures Examples were shown of Cloud-to-Ground (CG) Lightning In-Cloud (IC) Lightning Cloud-to-Cloud (CC) Lightning Forked Lightning Chuck Doswell's Lightning Pictures-Very Nice! Excellent photography tips can be found at Chuck Doswell’s web site. He’s good!

6. Williams, The Weather Book

7. Charge Separation Lightning requires the separation of different charges into different regions of a cloud. How does charge separation in clouds occur? We don’t know for certain, but we observe: Lightning only occurs in cold clouds with supercooled droplets and temperatures below 5 o F (-20 o C). Thus, the ice crystal processes responsible for precipitation in cold clouds likely plays an critical role in charge separation.

8. Charge Separation: One Theory Hailstones are covered by a layer of liquid water. The thin layer of liquid is positively charged. When hailstones and ice crystals collide, some of liquid molecules stick to the ice crystals. Along with the mass transfer, positive ions transfer from the hailstones to the ice crystals. The heavier, negative hail falls to cloud bottom. The lighter, positive ice crystals drift to cloud top. Produces negative lower, positive upper cloud.

9. Charge Separation Top of cloud top has a positive charge. Lower and middle of cloud has a negative charge. Charge separation in cloud maintains the earth’s fair weather electric field denoted by the arrow E E points toward positive polarity Williams, The Weather Book Polarization – + E

10. An electric potential exists between the ionosphere (positive) and surface (negative) Potential varies between 200,000 - 500,000 Volts Average current is 2x10 -12 Amps/m 2 Power is  10 -6 W/m 2 Fair Weather Electric Field www://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/primer

11. Lightning Stroke Cloud-Ground Sequence 1) Downward stepped leader. Stepped leader is invisible. 2) Upward return stroke. 3) Downward dart leaders. 4) Upward return strokes. Dart leaders-return strokes: up to 25 cycles, 3-4 usually. Ground strikes are usually negative, that is electrons flow from cloud to ground. Williams, The Weather Book

12. www://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/ Types of Discharges

13. Lightning Safety Williams, The Weather Book

14. Thunder What Causes Thunder? Lightning rapidly heats air to more than 30,000 o C. The intense heating causes the air to expand rapidly. The expanding air cools, then contracts rapidly. The expansion-contraction generates sound waves. Williams, The Weather Book

15. How Far Away Is It? We see lightning instantly. But sound travels 1,000 ft every second. If you hear thunder 10 seconds after seeing lightning, the bolt is 2 miles (~10,000 ft) away. We hear thunder from closest part of flash first, farthest part last. This causes the rumble sound. Williams, The Weather Book

16. Why Thunder Rumbles? Assume that you are one mile away from a a one mile long bolt. You hear thunder from the lower part of flash in 5 seconds, from the upper part of flash 7 seconds. Air density differences affect the speed of sound. 1 mile 5 seconds 1 mile 1.4 miles 7 seconds

17. National Lightning Detection Network thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/primer

18. www.nssl.noaa.gov/western/kaney Tucson Phoenix Flagstaff Gallup

19. Tucson Phoenix www.nssl.noaa.gov/western/kaney

20. Global Lightning Distribution www.msfc.nasa.gov Lightning is a land phenomena!

21. Let’s Play “Who Gets Toasted” What is the probability in Tucson of a Cloud-to-Ground lightning stroke hitting within a certain Radius R of you in an “average” year? Guesses? No peeking!

22. Courtesy Prof. E.P. Krider Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences

23. CG Lightning over Tucson (2000-2002) 65,000 flashes in 80 km  80 km over 3 years ~3.3/km 2 per year Much higher during monsoon ~15/km 2 per year Courtesy Prof. E.P. Krider Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences

25. 10 m @ Ng= 3.3 gives 0.3% 100 m @ Ng= 3.3 gives 10%

26. Odds of at least one person in class getting nailed next year by lightning? Define “getting nailed” as a strike within 10m. Assume 120 students in class today. We obtain using the binomial distribution:

27. Summary: Key Points Lightning - electric discharge in thunderstorms 80% within clouds, 20% cloud to ground Lightning is ubiquitous, with more than 6,000 cloud-to-ground strikes per minute from more than 40,000 thunderstorms per day worldwide. Lightning requires the separation of different charges into different regions of cloud. Charge separation maintains the earth’s fair weather electric field.

28. Pop Quiz #3 Thunderstorms occur with the greatest frequency over which state during the summer? a)Arizona b)California c)Florida d)Texas

29. Assignment for Next Lecture Topic - Tornadoes Reading - Ahrens, p277-290 Problems - 10.25, 10.26, 10.29