1. Downslope Winds Along the Wasatch Front Lacey Holland

2. Outline Objectives A Climatology of Downslope Events at Hill AFB (HIF) Synoptic Overview of 7 Oct 2000 Mesoscale Overview Valley flows Tethersonde and lidar data ADAS analyses

3. Objectives To what extent are strong winds on the east benches due to “canyon winds”? To what extent are the strong winds on the east benches due to cold air flowing down and across the slope (i.e. bora winds)? Why are the strongest winds confined to near the base of the Wasatch? Why do the windstorms occur further away from the base of the mountains so infrequently?

4. Areas affected by Wasatch downslope windstorms

5. Conditions favorable for downslope windstorms along the Wasatch Front Strong cross-barrier flow at crest-level (700 mb closed low to SSW) Pool of cold air to the ENE (relatively high pressure over Wyoming) Wind reversal above crest-level (presence of a critical level) and elevated stable layer

6. Synoptic conditions favorable for downslope windstorms

7. A Composite of Downslope Wind Events at HIF Most stations in valley of limited use –Records too short –Not in proximity of affected areas Top 0.5% events used to create composite NCEP Reanalysis

8. Top 10 Downslope Windstorms at HIF (1949-1999) 4 Apr 1983 (46 m/s) 16 May 1952 (42 m/s) 20 Feb 1971 (38 m/s) 22 Oct 1953 (38 m/s) 18 Mar 1961 (37 m/s) 3 June 1949 (35 m/s) 11 Nov 1978 (35 m/s) 6 May 1949 (34 m/s) 16 Nov 1964 (34 m/s) 26 Jan 1957 (33 m/s)

9. Wasatch Downslope Windstorms by Month

10. A Composite of 700 mb Heights in strongest downslope events

11. Vertical Transport and Mixing eXperiment (VTMX) IOP#2, 6-7 October 2000 IOP#2: 2200 UTC 6 Oct – 1600 UTC 7 Oct Tethered balloon at Mt. Olivet Cemetery lost from its tether in strong winds URBAN2000 scientists report tracers stagnating downtown

12. Synoptic Overview RUC2 500 mb heightsRUC2 700 mb heights

13. Mesoscale Overview 2300 UTC 6 October 2000

14. Chronology Prior to 0700 UTC: Developing Stage –progression of cold air across Wyoming –drainage circulations in Salt Lake Valley (SLV) 0700 -1000 UTC: Initial development –Initial penetration of cold air across Wasatch –Gap flows through Parley’s Canyon –Lidar After 1000 UTC- Downslope wind event into SLV

15. Conceptual model of 7 Oct 2000 (0400 UTC) SLC ACS VTMX9

16. Cross-section Across Wyoming EVW RKS RWL

17. Surface plot

18. Salt Lake Valley Flows U42 WBB UT5 VPN10 VTMX9 VTMX6

19. ASU Tethersondes Located at Mt. Olivet Cemetery 3 sondes on one balloon Each sonde separated by 50 m Highest sonde 10 m below balloon

20. Sonde #2

21. Tethersondes at 0400 UTC __ = WF __ = T2 __ = T3 __ = T4

22. NOAA ETL Lidar Located at U42 (SLC Airport #2) Traverse Excitation Atmospheric pressure CO 2 (TEACO2) lidar 10.6  m wavelength Detection range: 1-30 km Radial velocity accuracy: 0.3-1 ms -1

23. lidar

24. Description of ADAS Analyses Rawinsonde (PNL,NCAR,NWS), tethersonde (ASU), and surface station (PNL, Mesowest) data ingested into analyses 1 km resolution Adjustment made to analysis for dense data Further adjustments to be made

25. Adas evening

26. Conceptual Model at 0700 UTC SLC ACS VTMX9

27. sfc

28. Tethersondes at 0530 UTC __ = WF __ = T2 __ = T3 __ = T4

30. Conceptual Model at 0830 UTC SLC ACS VTMX9

32. SLC Special Sounding 0900 UTC

33. Tethersondes at 1000 UTC __ = WF __ = T2 __ = T3 __ = T4

35. Conceptual Model at 1030 UTC SLC ACS VTMX9

37. Lidar Observations Lidar graphics courtesy of Lisa Darby, NOAA ETL

39. ADAS Analyses

40. Summary To what extent are strong winds on the east benches due to “canyon winds”? –Lidar indicates jet out of canyon (gap flow) but spatial extent is larger than simply the canyon opening ; Direction of flow out of the canyon determined by larger-scale flow To what extent are the strong winds on the east benches due to cold air flowing down and across the slope (i.e. bora winds)? –7 Oct 2000 (and other times) are primarily bora events; radiational inversions can erode and warm the surface, however.

41. Summary (con’t) Why do the windstorms occur further away from the base of the mtns so infrequently? –East benches can stop mechanical penetration of cold air into surface inversion in the valley –Radiatively cooled air in the valley is often cooler than air crossing the barrier Why are the strongest winds confined to near the base of the Wasatch? –Need a mechanism to penetrate or to erode the surface inversion

42. Acknowledgments John Horel My committee (S. Lazarus, E. Zipser) Those who have contributed data (Sradik - ASU, Coulter - PNL, Darby - ETL) Many unnamed others who have provided support, help, and motivation THANKS!