1. Stack Implementations Chapter 12

2. 2 Chapter Contents A Linked Implementation An Array-Based Implementation A Vector-Based Implementation

3. 3 A Linked Implementation When using a chain of linked nodes to implement a stack with each node reference one entry in stack A chain of linked nodes that implements a stack.

4. 4 A Linked Implementation When a chain has only a head reference, we can add, remove or retrieve its first node faster than any other node. The first node should reference the stack's top

5. 5 A Linked Implementation Data field and constructor Each node an instance of class Node: a private class defined within LinkedStack public class LinkedStack implements StackInterface, java.io.Serializable {private Node topNode; // references first node in chain public LinkedStack() {topNode = null; } // end default constructor... private class Node implements java.io.Serializable {private Object data; // entry in stack private Node next; // link to next node... } // end Node

6. 6 A Linked Implementation: Push or Add to the top Push a new node to the stack (a) allocate memory for newnode (b) topNode references newNode.

7. 7 A Linked Implementation: Pop or Remove The stack after the first node in the chain is deleted. public T pop() { T top = peek(); If (topNode != null) topNode = topNode.getNextNode(); return top; }

8. 8 An Array-Based Implementation When using an array to implement a stack The array's first element should represent the bottom of the stack The last occupied location in the array represents the stack's top This avoids shifting of elements of the array when we push or remove elements from stack

9. 9 An Array-Based Implementation An array that implements a stack; its first location references (a) the top of the stack; (b) the bottom of the stack

10. 10 An Array-Based Implementation Data fields and constructors public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface, java.io.Serializable {private Object [] stack; // array of stack entries private int topIndex; // index of top entry private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE = 50; public ArrayStack() {stack = new Object[DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE]; topIndex = -1; } // end default constructor public ArrayStack(int maxSize) {stack = new Object[maxSize]; topIndex = -1; } // end constructor... To indicate an empty stack, we set topIndex = -1 as initial value.

11. 11 An Array-Based Implementation: Pop Another array-based stack after top removed by (a) decrementing topIndex ; (b) setting stack[topIndex]=null and then decrementing topIndex to be safe

12. 12 A Vector-Based Implementation When using a vector to implement a stack like using array, but easier Vector's first element should represent the bottom of the stack Last occupied location in the vector represents the stack's top Based on an array that can be expanded dynamically Performance similar to array-based implementation

13. 13 A Vector-Based Implementation Data fields and constructors import java.util.Vector; public class VectorStack implements StackInterface, java.io.Serializable {public VectorStack() {stack = new Vector(); // vector doubles in size if necessary } // end default constructor public VectorStack(int maxSize) {stack = new Vector(maxSize); } // end constructor...

14. 14 A Vector-Based Implementation public void push(T newEntry) { stack.add(newEntry); } public T pop() { T top = null; If( !isEmpty() ) { top = stack.lastElement(); stack.remove(stack.size()-1); } return top; } No need to maintain an index to the top entry, however, we can infer this index from the vector’s size. Also, the vector expands as necessary, so we do not have to worry about expanding the array when full.

15. 15 Solve Problem using Stack Question 1: A palindrome is a string of characters (a word, phrase, or sentence) that is the same regardless of whether you read it forward or backward—assuming that you ignore spaces, punctuation, and case. For example, Race car is a palindrome. So is A man, a plan, a canal: Panama. Describe how you could use a stack to test whether a string is a palindrome.

16. 16 Solve Problem using Stack Question 2: Suppose that you read a binary string—that is, a string of 0s and 1s—one character at a time. Describe how you could use a stack but no arithmetic to see whether the number of 0s is equal to the number of 1s. When these counts are not equal, state how you could tell which character—0 or 1—occurs most frequently and by how much its count exceeds the other’s.