2. 1 Lab 2 CSIT-120 Spring 2001 Session II-A (Feb 13th) Operations on Data Lab Exercise 2-A Data Types Variables Lab Exercise 2-B Session II-B (Feb 20th)

3. 2 Revision When closing a program and starting to write a new program in Visual C++, what should we do? What symbols should precede comments? What does keyword “const” mean? How do we read user input? What are the two main parts of a C++ program?

4. 3 Operations on Data C++ can work with many types of data Programs need to do “number crunching” if these are to be of any use In previous labs we have seen how C++ can use I/O functions to output text strings In a similar way Programs and functions can also handle numbers

5. 4 Lab Exercise 2-A Perform Experiment 2.1 Page 17 of the lab manual

6. Operations on Data We have seen that the computer has an ALU that can perform a lot of operations on the data We can develop programs in C++ that use these ALU operations for solving our real life problems In order to do so, we need to follow C++ syntax and common sense rules

7. Some Rules to Know To do effective programming for problem solving, we should state the problem to be solved as clearly as possible. The problem statement is sufficient to determine the data requirements Also, it can be used to develop an algorithm for solving it on the computer

8. An Example As an example, consider following problem A customer deposits checks in his/her bank account as follows: check #1: $435.61 check #2: $365.89 and at the same time withdraws 200 dollars cash. We are asked to write a computer program that displays the credit and debit separately for this transaction and then display final amount of money credited into the account?

9. Statement Analysis We can determine the data requirements by highlighting the nouns used in the statement and extracting the data items from the nouns Mini Exercise2-1: Determine the data requirements of the program We can also determine if the data items are input or output

10. Algorithm Development Once we know the data items, we can analyze the question(s) posed in the problem statement (verbs) to determine “functionality” of the desired program Thus we can start developing an algorithm to solve the problem Mini Exercise2-2: Analyze the problem and develop the algorithm required to solve it

11. Algorithm Development The problem is to determine debit and credit separately and then final credit for a transaction for one bank account It can be solved by using two temporary variables “debit” and “credit” credit = check1+check2 debit = withdrawal final credit = credit - debit

12. Data Types Once we have determined the data requirements and the algorithm to solve our problem, we need some data formats in order to model our data For example, the checks submitted were not in whole number amount. We need a format in which we can represent numbers consisting of integer and fractional parts

13. 12 Data Types Visual C++ provides several data formats (data types) for our programs Using these data types, we can represent our data in the programs For example, the amounts check #1: $435.61 and check #2: $365.89 can be represented as floating point numbers in a C++ program

14. 13 Data Types Similarly, the amount of withdrawal ($200) is a whole number. It can be represented as an integer The integer and floating point numbers can be defined as constants or variables in a program

15. 14 Variables A constant never changes its value throughout the program A variable will change its value during the program because the program may assign it some new value after computations Mini-Exercise2-3 What are the constants and variables in the data in our example?

16. 15 Data Types and Variables You have to declare all variables and constants in your program before you use the same Your program consists of functions like main() etc. Each function consists of two sections Declarations and Statements

17. 16 Data Types and Variables Declarations consist of all constants and variables that you will use in your program Statements include all the “number crunching” directives that you want the computer to execute Let us look at the primitive data types in C++ and rules for declaring constants and variables

18. 17 Data Types and Variables float data type is used to represent numbers that consist of integer and fractional parts. For example: CGPA = 2.54 integer data type is used to represent whole numbers, such as Number of students = 5000

19. 18 Data Types and Variables char data type can represent individual characters such as ‘c’ or digits such as ‘9’ bool data type can be used to determine the result of a test Result = (CGPA<2) if Result==TRUE then performance is poor

20. 19 Data Types and Variables For constant values, it is advisable to use names instead of using the value directly For example, const int MY_LIMIT=500; if (price > MY_LIMIT) then don’t_buy=TRUE; if (don’t_buy) then “exit the shop”

21. 20 Data Types and Variables The names are more meaningful and make the program easier to read If the constant is used at several places, we do not have to change the value at all these places. We can just change the declaration Constants are usually named in CAPITAL LETTERS to distinguish the same from variables

22. 21 Data Types and Variables Variables are declared in the same way as constants, except that initializing with a value is optional For example, if you want to make your purchase limit flexible, you can declare it as a variable int my_limit;

23. 22 Data Types and Variables The identifiers used to declare constants and variables are subject to certain C++ rules No spaces within the identifier Do not begin the identifier with a digit or underscores Letters, underscores and digits allowed Keep the length under 31 to avoid portability problems

24. 23 Lab Exercise 2-B Complete the program that can solve the problem of computing and showing credit, debit and effective credit for a transaction Use comments on every declaration as well as major block of statements describing what it is and what it accomplishes

25. 24 Session II-B Review of Topics and Solving Exercise 2-B Initializing Variables Experiments Mod and Div Operators Experiments Data Input and Output Experiments Lab Assignment #2 Due 2/27

26. 25 Review of Topics Covered What primitive data types are used in C++ to represent numerical values? During comparisons, the result may be assigned to a variable. What is the data type of such a variable? Ex: testresult = (smoke_detector ringing) if (testresult) then someone is smoking OR there is something on fire

27. 26 Review of Topics Why do we perform data analysis on the given problem? What information is obtained from data analysis and how is it used in the program? Describe the structured method for algorithm development Why does initial algorithm only show WHAT is to be done?

28. 27 Lab Exercise 2-B Solution A customer deposits checks in his/her bank account as follows: check #1: $435.61 check #2: $365.89 and at the same time withdraws 200 dollars cash. Can you write a computer program that displays the credit and debit for this transaction and display final amount of money credited into the account?

29. 28 Lab Exercise 2-B Solution First we perform data analysis We determine that there are : 3 constant data items check1, check2, withdrawal 3 output data items credit, debit, effective_credit All are floating point numbers except withdrawal (whole number)

30. 29 Lab Exercise 2-B Solution Using data analysis results, we can complete the declarations part of the C++ program double const CHECK1= 435.61; double const CHECK2= 365.89; int const WDRAW=200; double credit,debit,effective_credit;

31. 30 Lab Exercise 2-B Solution Next, we develop an algorithm to solve this problemINITIAL Read the check amounts and withdrawal amount Determine credit, debit and effective credit Display results and Exit

32. 31 Lab Exercise 2-A Solution Next we refine and complete the algorithmFINAL Read the inputs (Read check1, check2 and withdrawal) Perform computations (credit = check1+check2 debit=withdrawal effective_credit=credit-debit) Display results

33. 32 Initializing Variables We initialize variables before trying to use the same on RHS of a computation or printing out their values Experiment 2.4 lab manual Use cin>>YourVariable to read some value from the user and store it in YourVariable

34. 33 Mod and Div Operators You can perform all arithmetic operations on numeric data including division Division can be done in two ways Div operator (/) performs integer division on two arguments, truncating remainder IF BOTH ARE INTEGERS Mod (%) operator results in remainder after the division has been carried out

35. 34 Mod and Div Example You have 28 candies to be distributed equally in 5 kids. How many candies does each kid get and how many candies will be left with you after the distribution? Answer: Each one gets: 28 Div 5 candies Leftovers: 28 Mod 5

36. Mod and Div Operators Perform Experiment 2.6 Lab Assignment 1(Due 2/27/2001) Develop a program that computes the biweekly pay stub for an employee. It asks the user to input the gross salary. It then deducts social security at the rate of 2% and union fees at the rate of 1%. It withholds federal tax at the rate of 15% and state tax at the rate of 8%. All deductions and the net pay must be shown in a nice format. Show data analysis and use a lot of comments in your program.