1. Monroe L. Weber-Shirk S chool of Civil and Environmental Engineering Soil Washing “There is a need for increased use of new separation technologies (such as soil washing) that reduce the quantity of waste requiring solidification/stabilization, or allow the recycling of valuable metals.” --EPA 1993 

2. Need for the Technology ä EPA estimates that over 20 million cubic yards of soil at current NPL sites (national priority list) are contaminated with metals ä DOE (Department of Energy) estimates 10s of millions of cubic yards ä Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (UST) contribute 56 million cubic yards ä DOD (Department of Defense) ? ä Volume reduction technologies!! ä EPA estimates that over 20 million cubic yards of soil at current NPL sites (national priority list) are contaminated with metals ä DOE (Department of Energy) estimates 10s of millions of cubic yards ä Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (UST) contribute 56 million cubic yards ä DOD (Department of Defense) ? ä Volume reduction technologies!!

3. DOE ä The nuclear arms race and its aftermath have created the largest and most complex problem of environmental remediation and waste management in U.S. history ä The problem is so complicated and costly that there is a tendency in the nuclear establishment to simply bury the problem, literally and figuratively, creating what have been called national sacrifice zones ä The current Department of Energy (DOE) best estimate for partial environmental restoration and waste management and disposal is $227 billion over a 75-year period ä $90 to $400 per cubic yard operating cost ä The nuclear arms race and its aftermath have created the largest and most complex problem of environmental remediation and waste management in U.S. history ä The problem is so complicated and costly that there is a tendency in the nuclear establishment to simply bury the problem, literally and figuratively, creating what have been called national sacrifice zones ä The current Department of Energy (DOE) best estimate for partial environmental restoration and waste management and disposal is $227 billion over a 75-year period ä $90 to $400 per cubic yard operating cost Containing the Cold War Mess: Restructuring the Environmental Management of the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex Marc Fioravanti Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D. October 1997

4. DOE Waste Management LLW = Low-Level Waste MLLW = Mixed Low-Level Waste TRU = Transuranic HLW = High-Level Waste SNF = Spent Nuclear Fuel GCD =Greater Confinement Disposal NTS = Nevada Test Site LANL = Los Alamos National Laboratory ORNL = Oak Ridge National Laboratory

5. Soil Washing ä A technology for volume reduction of contaminated soil ä Potentially removes ‘mixed wastes’ from contaminated soil so the soil can be returned to the original site ä References ä Griffiths, R. A. 1995. “Soil-washing technology and practice” Journal of Hazardous Materials 40(2): 175-189. ä Semer, R. and K. R. Reddy. 1996. “Evaluation of soil washing process to remove mixed contaminants from a sandy loam” Journal of Hazardous Materials 45(1): 45-57. ä A technology for volume reduction of contaminated soil ä Potentially removes ‘mixed wastes’ from contaminated soil so the soil can be returned to the original site ä References ä Griffiths, R. A. 1995. “Soil-washing technology and practice” Journal of Hazardous Materials 40(2): 175-189. ä Semer, R. and K. R. Reddy. 1996. “Evaluation of soil washing process to remove mixed contaminants from a sandy loam” Journal of Hazardous Materials 45(1): 45-57.

6. Examples of Contaminated Waste Sites with ‘Mixed Wastes’ ä DOE/DOD sites with radioactive metals plus organic scintillation cocktails. ä Cornell chemical dump near airport: organic solvents, metal salts,... all dumped in close proximity to each other. ä Coal gas plants ä pyrolysis was used to get coal gas (for street lamps) ä also produced coal tars containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and coal ash that has high metal concentration. ä Printers ink contained both organic dyes and lead ä Dumps ä DOE/DOD sites with radioactive metals plus organic scintillation cocktails. ä Cornell chemical dump near airport: organic solvents, metal salts,... all dumped in close proximity to each other. ä Coal gas plants ä pyrolysis was used to get coal gas (for street lamps) ä also produced coal tars containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and coal ash that has high metal concentration. ä Printers ink contained both organic dyes and lead ä Dumps

7. Possible Site Management Strategies ä Seal off site (clay barriers, concrete cover, fences to keep people and animals out...) ä Remove contaminated soil - huge volumes! ä Remove contaminants using an in-situ separation process ä pump and treat ä in situ bioremediation ä electro-chemical remediation ä Remove contaminants from excavated soil ä soil washing, bioremediation, thermal desorption ä Seal off site (clay barriers, concrete cover, fences to keep people and animals out...) ä Remove contaminated soil - huge volumes! ä Remove contaminants using an in-situ separation process ä pump and treat ä in situ bioremediation ä electro-chemical remediation ä Remove contaminants from excavated soil ä soil washing, bioremediation, thermal desorption

8. Pump and Treat Limitations ä Pollutants absorb (within), adsorb (on surface), sorb (don’t know precise mechanism), or attach to the soil. High retardation factors. Immobile. ä Soil properties ä negatively charged at neutral pH ä SiO 2 has a PZC of pH 2-3 (at this pH enough hydrogen ions have reacted with the surface to make it neutral). At lower pH the surface would be positively charged. ä Therefore cations (metals) easily bind to the negatively charged soil. ä Pollutants absorb (within), adsorb (on surface), sorb (don’t know precise mechanism), or attach to the soil. High retardation factors. Immobile. ä Soil properties ä negatively charged at neutral pH ä SiO 2 has a PZC of pH 2-3 (at this pH enough hydrogen ions have reacted with the surface to make it neutral). At lower pH the surface would be positively charged. ä Therefore cations (metals) easily bind to the negatively charged soil. Point of zero charge

9. Soil Washing ä Separation of fine soil particles from larger soil particles ä contaminants adhere to particle surfaces ä small particles have more surface area/unit mass ä removal of fines from a contaminated soil also removes most of the contaminants ä Separation of contaminants from the fines ä solubilize contaminants in the wash water ä surfactants, acids, bases, chelating agents, alcohols,... ä Separation of fine soil particles from larger soil particles ä contaminants adhere to particle surfaces ä small particles have more surface area/unit mass ä removal of fines from a contaminated soil also removes most of the contaminants ä Separation of contaminants from the fines ä solubilize contaminants in the wash water ä surfactants, acids, bases, chelating agents, alcohols,...

10. Soil Washing - Process Description ä Excavate contaminated soil ä Remediate the contaminated soil ä Remove large debris or particles larger than 2 in. ä Separate all contaminants from the soil ä remove sand after initial water wash ä silt/clay fraction requires further treatment ä Treat or dispose of residues ä Return soil ä Excavate contaminated soil ä Remediate the contaminated soil ä Remove large debris or particles larger than 2 in. ä Separate all contaminants from the soil ä remove sand after initial water wash ä silt/clay fraction requires further treatment ä Treat or dispose of residues ä Return soil

12. EPA Mobile Soil-Washing System Feed Soil Wash Water Coarse Fraction Chemical Additives Clean Water Clean Product Hydrocyclones Drum Washer Trommel Fine Fraction Stirred Tank Stirred Tank Stirred Tank Stirred Tank Stirred Tank Stirred Tank Stirred Tank Stirred Tank Contaminant + water

13. solubilize metals organic acids Wash Water Additives ä Generally undesirable ä complicate recycling or disposal of wash water ä additional unit processes needed to remove additives ä Additives are contaminant specific ä acids and chelating agents: ________ _______ ä bases: improve extraction of _______ _____ ä surfactants and organic-solvents: improve extraction of ____ _________ organics ä Generally undesirable ä complicate recycling or disposal of wash water ä additional unit processes needed to remove additives ä Additives are contaminant specific ä acids and chelating agents: ________ _______ ä bases: improve extraction of _______ _____ ä surfactants and organic-solvents: improve extraction of ____ _________ organics low solubility

14. Soil Washing: Pros and Cons ä closed system: controlled conditions ä significant volume reduction of contaminated soil ä applicable to varied waste groups ä hazardous waste remains on site ä lower cost than removing contaminated soil ä closed system: controlled conditions ä significant volume reduction of contaminated soil ä applicable to varied waste groups ä hazardous waste remains on site ä lower cost than removing contaminated soil ä ä no reduction in contaminant toxicity if only physical separation is used ä ä potentially hazardous chemicals used that may be difficult to remove from soil ä ä effectiveness limited by ä complex waste mixtures ä high humic content in soils ä undesired solvent-soil reactions (ex. soil ANC) ä high fine-grained clay content ProsCons

15. Synthetic Contaminated Soil (Zinc and Methylene Blue) ä Zinc properties ä cation (positive charge) ä Methylene blue properties ä cation ä organic ä hydrophobic ä can be oxidized ä Zinc properties ä cation (positive charge) ä Methylene blue properties ä cation ä organic ä hydrophobic ä can be oxidized

16. Remediation Strategies ä Zinc ä Neutralize the negative soil charge with acid ä Solubilize the metals with chelating agents ä Methylene blue ä Neutralize the negative soil charge with acid ä Oxidize methylene blue with acid or an oxidant such as chlorine, ozone, or hydrogen peroxide ä Solubilize with a surfactant (soap) or with a solvent ä Zinc ä Neutralize the negative soil charge with acid ä Solubilize the metals with chelating agents ä Methylene blue ä Neutralize the negative soil charge with acid ä Oxidize methylene blue with acid or an oxidant such as chlorine, ozone, or hydrogen peroxide ä Solubilize with a surfactant (soap) or with a solvent

17. extractantZnMethylene BlueproblemsEnvironmental impact water acid organic solvent surfactants chelating agent oxidant extractantZnMethylene BlueproblemsEnvironmental impact water acid organic solvent surfactants chelating agent oxidant solubilize solubilize/oxidize lots of ANC in soil – CO 2 Would need to neutralize acid ? ? solubilize ? ? complex and solubilize complex may sorb to soil oxidize very reactive/ short life remove solvent Use biodegradable surfactants Solubilize soil particles Expectations

18. liquid Analytical Methods ä Methylene Blue ä UV-Visible Spectrophotometer ä Zinc ä Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ä Each method requires that the compound be in the ______ phase! ä Extraction from the soil is required for the analysis! ä How can we know how much contaminant is on the soil initially? ________________________ ä Methylene Blue ä UV-Visible Spectrophotometer ä Zinc ä Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ä Each method requires that the compound be in the ______ phase! ä Extraction from the soil is required for the analysis! ä How can we know how much contaminant is on the soil initially? ________________________ Contaminate it with known amount!

19. Soil Washing: Potential Experiment Objectives ä Effect of extractant concentration ä Optimize extractant dose (consider stoichiometry) ä Effect of soil type ä Are organic contaminants more difficult to remove if soil contains more organics? ä Effect of multiple extractants ä Acid followed by surfactant or chelating agent ä Effect of a series of extractions (mimics real system) ä Can additional contaminant be removed by a series of extractions? ä Effect of extractant concentration ä Optimize extractant dose (consider stoichiometry) ä Effect of soil type ä Are organic contaminants more difficult to remove if soil contains more organics? ä Effect of multiple extractants ä Acid followed by surfactant or chelating agent ä Effect of a series of extractions (mimics real system) ä Can additional contaminant be removed by a series of extractions? Distilled water Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Triton X-100 Acetone HCl NaOH EDTA