1. Ethnobotanical Methods Researchers and Informants in Bolivia

2. Study of the on-going process of domestication 1. Informant interviews – especially about desired traits, planting methods, methods of selection for breeding or seed stock. 2. Participation observation 3. Collection of native texts 4. Field observations – grain, fruit, or vegetable measurements; altitude, temperature, varietal flowering and maturation rates; mapping locations and distances to fields from farm or village; soil and vegetative analysis of sample fields at various stages of crop-fallow cycle.

3. Phytoanthropology Phytoanthropology examines the extent of similarities and differences in the responses of various human communities to their plant neighbors, and the reasons for these human responses.

4. Bo Tree – Ficus religiosa

5. Silk Cotton Tree – Bombax ceiba

6. Arrowhead – Sagittaria sagittifolia

7. Historical Ethnobotany

8. Hildegard of Bingen 1098 - 1179

9. Joseph Smith 1805 - 1844

10. Fertile Crescent

11. King Assurbanipal – 668-626 BCE In his garden with Queen and Servants

12. Babylonian Medicine

13. Datura stramonium

14. Cannabis sativa

15. Mandrake – Atropa mandragora

16. ca. 1474

17. Water lily – Nymphaea alba

18. Vitis vinifera var. Pinot Noir

19. Opium poppy – Papaver somniferum

20. Ergot – Claviceps purpurea

21. Fly agaric – Amanita muscaria

22. Amanita muscaria ornaments?

23. Sumerian Headdress

24. Sun god Horus and Tuth-Shena