1. Thermospheric Control Lühr et al. 04 CHAMP thermospheric density enhancement Liu et al. 05 Causes of upwelling Large-scale Joule heating Ion upflow Soft electron precipitation Alfvén waves, small-scale FAC Lühr et al. 04 1

2. Convective transport to the cusp  10 10 ions / cm 2 -s MIT Haystack Observatory 1400 150016001700 1800190020002100 Ionospheric Control Coster, Erickson, Foster 2

3. 1945 UT Foster et al. 05 30º Lat 20 Nov 2003 3

4. Magnetospheric dynamo (  geomagnetically fixed) + Convective plasma surge  Outflow surge Semeter et al. 03 Sondrestrom ISR11 Feb 2002 4

5. 5

6. Observations from low-altitude satellites (FAST) Paschmann et al. ‘03 polar cap 13 Feb 1997 6

7. Centrifugal (Ponderomotive) Streltsov and Lotko 2008 7

8. Observations at higher altitude Intense electromagnetic activity in the “PSBL” ~ 1-min (Pi 2) oscillations Oscillations confined mainly to downward current channel Integrated Poynting flux is upward polar cap plasmasheet Johansson et al. ‘04 down up Evidence for a high-altitude resonator? 19 May 2002 8

9. REFERENCES Moore, T. (1980), Modulation of terrestrial ion escape flux composition (by low-altitude acceleration and charge exchange chemistry), J. Geophys. Res., 85(A5), 2011-2016. Lühr, H., M. Rother, W. Köhler, P. Ritter, and L. Grunwaldt (2004), Thermospheric upwelling in the cusp region: Evidence from CHAMP observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06805, doi:10.1029/2003GL019314. Liu, H., H. Lühr, V. Henize, and W. Köhler (2005), Global distribution of the thermospheric total mass density derived from CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A04301, doi:10.1029/2004JA010741. Foster, J.C., et al. (2005), Multiradar observations of the polar tongue of ionization, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A09S31, doi:10.1029/2004JA010928. Semeter, J., C. J. Heinselman, J. P. Thayer, R. A. Doe, and H. U. Frey (2003), Ion upflow enhanced by drifting -region plasma structure along the nightside polar cap boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2139, doi:10.1029/2003GL017747. Evans, D., N. Maynard, J. Trøim, T. Jacobsen, and A. Egeland (1977), Auroral Vector Electric Field and Particle Comparisons, 2, Electrodynamics of an Arc, J. Geophys. Res., 82(16), 2235-2249. Lotko, W. (2007), The magnetosphere–ionosphere system from the perspective of plasma circulation J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 69(3), 191-211. Paschmann, G., et al. (2002) Auroral Plasma Physics, Chapter 4 - In Situ Measurements in the Auroral Plasma Space Sci. Rev., 103(1-4), doi:10.1023/A:1023082700768, pps. 93-208. Streltsov, A.V., and W. Lotko (2008), Coupling between density structures, electromagnetic waves and ionospheric feedback in the auroral zone, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05212, doi:10.1029/2007JA012594. Johansson, T., S. Figueiredo, T. Karlsson, G. Marklund, A. Fazakerley, S. Buchert, P.-A. Lindqvist, and H. Nilsson (2004), Intense high-altitude auroral electric fields - temporal and spatial characteristics Ann. Geophys., 22, 2485-2495.