2. Explicit and implicit responses to environmental sounds Alex Ronald López Rolón Ronny Werner Christian Kaernbach Institut für Allgemeine Psychologie Universität Leipzig

3. Early Motivation Goose Pimple Sounds (GPS) –Chalk on blackboard –... Peter Bailey’s group: –it’s not similarity to primate warning calls –2.8 kHz component is most important, but –integrity of total stimulus is also important –context may play an important role

4. First study: Method, Context 3x3x2 Design: soundsound withoutwithcontext contextcontextalone Explicit: ratings RT physiol. resp. N=15N=15N=15 dimension: pleasure arousal pleasure arousal pleasure arousal Implicit

5. Stimuli 7 sounds from IADS sound database (Bradley & Lang) –“International Affective Digitized Sound System” in total 111 sounds in analogy to IAPS “International Affective Picture System” IADS sounds are 6 s long some sounds in IADS are not well prepared –IADS sounds come with valence and arousal ratings choose 7 sounds such as to “cover the ground” 3 sounds from Peter Bailey, University of York –chalk on blackboard, grinding engine, dropping spade 2 musical instrument sounds all sounds cut to 2 s length, and leveled in rms power

6. Stimuli gähnende Frau Babylachen Babyschrei lachende Menschen Schrei einer Frau Gesang Schweinegrunzen große Maschine Kreidequietschen fallender Spaten tiefer Celloton Klarinette yawning women laughing baby crying baby laughing people cry of a woman chant grunting pig big engine squeaking chalk dropping a spade bass note on cello clarinet context

7. Explicit ratings Self Assessment Manikin, SAM (Bradley & Lang) –pleasure scale –arousal scale –dominance scale

8. Explicit ratings: First results

9. Implicit responses Motivation: –It is often difficult to verbalize one’s feelings –It might not be politically correct to state explicitly one’s emotional reaction to certain stimuli –Emotion systems are different from cognitive systems Intact emotional memory in amnesic patient (Claparède, 1911) Emotional memory closely linked to implicit memory Methods –RT: based on Implicit Association Test –physiological responses

10. F A I L U R E alternating tasks –relevant task on irrelevant material –irrelevant task on relevant material (dual) key assignments –blockwise constant –vary between blocks react as fast as possible Implicit Association Test? love murder good black bad white good black bad white good black bad white good black bad white What is the

11. F A I L U R E relevant task on irrelevant material –24 pictures from IAPS data base 6 pleasant 6 unpleasant pictures  “pleasance IAT” 6 arousing 6 non-arousing pictures  “arousal IAT” irrelevant task on relevant material –sound localization 1-ms delay causes clear-cut localization effect difference from classical IAT: –We had a single stimulus design not classes (black faces versus white faces) but single stimuli repeat sound stimuli use only RT data on sound localization task Our Implicit Association Test-Based Reaction Time Measure

12. F A I L U R E IAT-Based RT: First results some RT differences significantly different from zero in condition “sound” however: no correlations whatsoever were found

13. Physiological response Arousal: –Electrodermal activity (EDA) –paired with SAM ratings Pleasure: –EMG of m. corrugator and/or m. zygomaticus? –Startle reflex? –??? –start in June

14. EDA analysis Fit of appropriate template Pharmacokinetics suggest: Bateman function diffusion from compartment A into B with time constant k 1 elimination from compartment B with time constant k 2 AB k1k1 k2k2 intestinesblood

15. Event-related EDA (ER-EDA) visible increase of activity after event (N.B: EEhaah! Mamma, we got Event-Related EDA!)

16. Correlation of ER-EDA to SAM ratings condition “sound only” elicits ER-EDA correlated to arousal ratings sound alone sound with context context alone

17. Discussion Explicit ratings correlate with IADS ratings –pleasure: good correlation even for “description only” –arousal: correlation is best for “sound only” IAT-based Reaction Time effects non-consistent –IAT-based RT seems not to apply to single-stimulus design –coming soon: affective priming Event-related EDA correlates with arousal ratings for condition “sound only” –simultaneous visual cue lessens arousal –context (if given) should be non-predictive facial EMG to follow soon

18. Event-related EDA per condition