1. Tests of Hypotheses: Large Samples Chapter Rejection region Acceptance

2. GOALS TO DEFINE HYPOTHESES AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING.
TO DESCRIBE THE HYPOTHESIS TESTING PROCEDURE.
TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ONE-TAILED AND TWO-TAILED TEST OF HYPOTHESIS.
TO CONDUCT A TEST FOR THE POPULATION MEAN OR PROPORTION.

3. GOALS
TO CONDUCT A TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POPULATION MEANS OR PROPORTIONS.
TO DESCRIBE STATISTICAL ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOTHESIS TESTING.

4. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?
Hypothesis: A statement about the value of a population parameter developed for the purpose of testing.
Examples of hypotheses, or statements, made about a population parameter are:
The mean monthly income from all sources for systems analysts is $3,625.
Twenty percent of all juvenile offenders ultimately are caught and sentenced to prison.

5. WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS TESTING?
Hypothesis testing: A procedure, based on sample evidence and probability theory, used to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement and should not be rejected, or is unreasonable and should be rejected.
Following is a five-step procedure for testing a hypothesis.

6. State null H0 and alternative hypotheses H1 STEP 1
Select a level of significance
STEP 3
Identify the test statistic
STEP 4
Formulate a decision rule
STEP 5
Take a sample , arrive at a decision
Reject H0 and
accept H1
Do not reject H0

7. Null Hypothesis H0: A statement about the value of a population parameter.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: A statement that is accepted if the sample data provide evidence that the null hypothesis is false.
Level of Significance: The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
Type I Error: Rejecting the null hypothesis, H0, when it is actually true.
Type II Error: Accepting the null hypothesis, H0, when it is actually false.

8. Researcher Null hypothesis Accepts H0 Rejects H0 Correct Type I
Decision
Type I
error
If H0 is true and
Type II
error
Correct
Decision
If H0 is false and

9. Test statistic: A value, determined from sample information, used to determine whether or not to reject the null hypothesis.
Critical value: The dividing point between the region where the null hypothesis is rejected and the region where it is not rejected.

10. ONE-TAILED TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
A test is one-tailed when the alternate hypothesis, H1, states a direction such as:
H0: The mean income of the females is less than or equal to the mean income of the males.
H1: The mean income of the females is greater than the mean income of the males.
The region of rejection in this case is to the right (upper) tail of the curve. An example is shown next:

11. Sampling Distribution for the Statistic Z for a One-Tailed Test, 0
Sampling Distribution for the Statistic Z for a One-Tailed Test, 0.05 Level of Significance
Critical value
1.645 = Z
Region of
rejection
0.95 Probability
0.05 z

12. TWO-TAILED TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
A test is two-tailed when no direction is specified in the alternate hypothesis H1, such as:
H0: The mean income of the females is equal to the mean income of the males.
H1: The mean income of the females is not equal to the mean income of the males.
The region of rejection in this case is divided equally into the two tails of the curve. An example is shown next:

13. Sampling Distribution for the Statistic Z for a Two-Tailed Test, 0
Sampling Distribution for the Statistic Z for a Two-Tailed Test, 0.05 Level of Significance
Critical
value
-1.96 = Z
Critical
value
1.96 = Z
Do not
reject H0
Region of
rejection
Region of
rejection
0.95
0.025
0.025 z

14. The test statistic is given by:
TESTING FOR THE POPULATION MEAN: LARGE SAMPLE, POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION KNOWN
The test statistic is given by:

15. EXAMPLE
The processors of Mets Catsup indicate on the label that the bottle contains 16 ounces of catsup. Mets’ Quality Control Department is responsible for monitoring the amount included in the bottle. A sample of 36 bottles is selected hourly and the contents weighed. Last hour a sample of 36 bottles had a mean weight of ounces with a standard deviation of 0.5 ounces. At the 0.05 significance level can we conclude that the process is out of control? (i.e. not meeting weight goals)

16. EXAMPLE (continued)
Step 1: State the null and the alternative hypotheses.
H0: m = H1: m ¹ 16
Step 2: State the decision rule.
H0 is rejected if z < or z > 1.96.(2-side)
Step 3: Compute the value of the test statistic.
z= [ ]/[0.05/Ö36] = 1.44.
Step 4: What is the decision on H0?
H0 is not rejected, because 1.44 is less than the critical value of 1.96.

17. Sampling Distribution for the Statistic Z for a Two-Tailed Test, 0
Sampling Distribution for the Statistic Z for a Two-Tailed Test, 0.05 Level of Significance
Critical
value
-1.96 = Z
Critical
value
1.96 = Z
Do not
reject H0
Region of
rejection
Region of
rejection
Test Stat.
1.44
0.95
0.025
0.025 z

18. As long as the sample size n ³ 30, z can be approximated with
TESTING FOR THE POPULATION MEAN: LARGE SAMPLE, POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION UNKNOWN
Here s is unknown, so we estimate it with the sample standard deviation s.
As long as the sample size n ³ 30, z can be approximated with

19. EXAMPLE
The Thompson’s Discount Store chain issues its own credit card. The credit manager wants to find out if the mean monthly unpaid balance is more than $400. The level of significance is set at A random check of 172 unpaid balances revealed the sample mean to be $407 and the sample standard deviation to be $38. Should the credit manager conclude that the population mean is greater than $400, or is it reasonable to assume that the difference of $7 ($407 - $400) is due to chance?

20. EXAMPLE (continued)
Step 1: State the null and the alternative hypotheses.
H0: m £ H1: m > 400
Step 2: State the decision rule.
H0 is rejected if z > (one-sided)
Step 3: Compute the value of the test statistic.
z = [ ]/[38/Ö172] = 2.42.
Step 4: What is the decision on H0?
H0 is rejected. The manager can conclude that mean unpaid balance is greater than $400.

21. Computed
z = 2.42
Rejection
region
1.645 z

22. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: TWO POPULATION MEANS
Assume the parameters for the two populations are m1, m2, s1, and s2.
Case I: When s1, s2 are known, the test statistic
is:

23. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: TWO POPULATION MEANS
Case II: When s1, s2 are unknown but the sample sizes n1 and n2 are greater than or equal to 30, the test statistic is :

24. EXAMPLE
A study was conducted to compare the mean years of service for those retiring in 1975 with those retiring last year Kentucky Manufacturing Co. The following sample data was obtained. At the 0.01 significance level can we conclude that the workers retiring last year had more service?

25. EXAMPLE (continued)
State the null and the alternative hypotheses:
Let population 2 refer to those that retired last year H0:m2 £ m H1:m2 > m1
State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if z > (one-sided)
Compute the value of the test statistic.

26. EXAMPLE (continued)
What is the decision on the null hypothesis? Interpret the results.
Since z = 6.80 > 2.33, H0 is rejected. Those retiring last year had more years of service.

27. TESTS CONCERNING PROPORTION
Proportion: A fraction or percentage that indicates the part of the population or sample having a particular trait of interest.

28. TEST STATISTIC FOR TESTING A SINGLE POPULATION PROPORTION

29. EXAMPLE
In the past 15% of the mail order solicitations for a certain charity resulted in a financial contribution. A new solicitation letter has been drafted. Will this new letter increase the solicitation rate? The new letter is sent to a sample of 200 people and 45 responded with a contribution. At the 0.05 significance level can it be concluded that the new letter is more effective?

30. EXAMPLE (continued)
State the null and the alternative hypotheses:
H0:p £ H1:p > 0.15.
State the decision rule.
H0 is rejected if z > (one-sided)
Compute the value of the test statistic.

31. EXAMPLE (continued)
What is the decision on the null hypothesis? Interpret the results.
Since z = 2.97 > 1.645, H0 is rejected. The new letter is more effective.

32. A TEST INVOLVING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POPULATION PROPORTIONS
The test statistic in this case is
n1 is the sample size from population 1.
n2 is the sample size from population 2.

33. TWO PROPORTIONS (continued)
pc is the weighted mean of the two sample
proportions, computed by:
X1 is the number of successes in n1.
X2 is the number of successes in n2.

34. EXAMPLE
Are unmarried workers more likely to be absent from work than married workers? A sample of 250 married workers showed 22 missed more than 5 days last year for any reason. A sample of 300 unmarried workers showed 35 missed more than 5 days. Use the 0.05 significance level.
State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0:p2 £ p H1:p2 > p1 where subscript 2 refers to the population of unmarried workers.

35. EXAMPLE (continued)
State the decision rule.
H0 is rejected if z > (one-sided)
Compute the value of the test statistic.

36. EXAMPLE (continued)
What is the decision on the null hypothesis?
H0 is not rejected. There is no difference in the proportion of married and unmarried workers missing more than 5 days of work.

37. Chapters 12 and 13: Regression, Inference, and Model Building/ ANOVA
For Final Exam
Chapters 12 and 13: Regression, Inference, and Model Building/ ANOVA
James S. Hawkes