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Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE David A. Williams University of California, Santa Cruz representing The STACEE Collaboration L.M.Boone, 1 D.Bramel,

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Presentation on theme: "Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE David A. Williams University of California, Santa Cruz representing The STACEE Collaboration L.M.Boone, 1 D.Bramel,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE David A. Williams University of California, Santa Cruz representing The STACEE Collaboration L.M.Boone, 1 D.Bramel, 2 J.Carson, 3 C.E.Covault, 4 P.Fortin, 5 G.Gauthier, 5 D.Gingrich, 6 D.Hanna, 5 A.Jarvis, 3 J.Kildea, 5 C.Mueller, 5 R.Mukherjee, 2 R.A.Ong, 3 K.Ragan, 5 R.A.Scalzo, 7 D.A.Williams, 1 J.Zweerink 3 1 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA 2 Barnard College and Columbia University, New York, USA 3 Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 4 Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA 5 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 6 Centre for Subatomic Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 7 Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA

2 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE The STACEE Concept Adapt a solar power facility Sample the Cherenkov light pool at many locations on the ground Achieve a low energy threshold as a result of the large mirror collection area

3 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE The NSTTF STACEE uses the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA STACEE uses 64 heliostats, each with 37 m 2 area 34.96 o N, 106.51 o W, 1700 m a.s.l.

4 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE The STACEE Heliostats 160-foot platform: 2-meter secondaries (3) 16 channels each West, North, East 120-foot platform: 1-meter secondaries (2) 8 channels each Southeast, Southwest

5 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE FADCs Added in Fall 2001 Monte Carlo 100 GeV gammasZenith data showers

6 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Recent STACEE Observing Crab Search for pulsed emission Benchmark instrument performance AGN (Mrk 421, W Comae, 1426+428, …) Elucidate emission mechanism(s) Participate in multiwavelength campaigns Seek evidence of IR absorption GRB Follow up satellite alerts

7 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Recent Data Acquired Data acquired in the first half 2002 and so far during the 2002-2003 observing season

8 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE STACEE-32 Crab Results Integral Flux (2.2±0.6±0.2) x 10 -10 cm -2 s -1 Above 190 GeV Consistent with E -2.4 IACT results Pulsed fraction <5.5% Gamma-ray rate 1.6 min -1 S. Oser et al., ApJ 547, p. 949 (2001) “on pulse” region

9 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE STACEE Crab Observations Saturn limited observations this season Data on optical pulsar—test barycentering code Gamma-ray rate ~5 min -1 Preliminary Optical Pulsar Phase Histogram Preliminary

10 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Markarian 421 First AGN detected at TeV energies Punch et al., 1992 First AGN detected by STACEE Boone et al., 2002 High energy peak of SED apparently near STACEE energies Very active source in the last several years Gaidos et al., 1996 … Spectrum varies as flux changes Krennrich et al., 2002 Target of many multiwavelength efforts

11 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE STACEE-48 Mrk 421 Results RXTE ASM 2–10 keV RXTE All-Sky Monitor Team Spring 2001 Markarian 421 Light Curves STACEE 50–300 GeV Boone et al., 2002 ApJLett 579, L5 Whipple 0.25–8 TeV Holder et al., 2001 ICRC 1, 2613

12 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE STACEE-48 Mrk 421 Results Integral Flux (8.0±0.7±1.5) x 10 -10 cm -2 s -1 above 140 GeV Red butterfly reflects spectral indices from 2.0 to 2.2 Whipple curves (Krennrich et al., 2002 ApJ 560, L9) represent high, medium, and low flux levels EGRET data from Hartman et al., 1999, ApJS 123, 79

13 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Recent STACEE Mrk 421 Data STACEE participated in two MW campaigns including RXTE data 2002 Dec 2 - Dec 16 & 2003 Jan 10 - Jan 14 (PI: H. Krawczynski) ~4 hours on source (horrible weather) 2003 Feb 26 - Mar 5 (PI: R. Edelson) <1 hour on source (more bad weather) Continue to record 0.5-1 hour each night as weather and moon allow

14 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE W Comae (ON+231) BL Lac object at moderate redshift (z=0.1) Hard EGRET spectral index (-1.73) One of few detected above 1 GeV 27 GeV photon was detected (Dingus & Bertsch 2001) Predicted to be a strong TeV source Mannheim et al. (1995) astro-ph/9502085 Not yet detected above EGRET energies Signal could be a smoking gun for hadronic processes X-ray data constrain SEDs for leptonic models to cut off sharply above 100 GeV ( Boettcher, Mukherjee & Reimer(2002), ApJ 581, p. 143)

15 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE W Comae Results Preliminary upper limit integral flux–2002 data <1.41 x 10 -10 cm -2 s -1 (above 140 GeV) Earlier limit–1999 data C. Théoret, Ph.D thesis Observations continue this season Preliminary

16 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE H 1426+428 “Extreme” X-ray BL Lac Synchrotron peak at ~100 keV One of the best TeV candidates in SSC models Weak TeV source Whipple, HEGRA, & CAT ~3% of Crab Very soft spectrum, E -3.5 Not detected by EGRET Highest redshift TeV blazar (z=0.129) Costamante et al., 2001 Horan et al., 2002

17 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE H 1426+428 Results Data taken in 2002 in conjunction with multiwavelength campaign Preliminary flux upper limit <2.0 x 10 -5 m -2 s -1 TeV -1 at 120 GeV Starting to collect more data this month Adapted from A. Aharonian et al., A&A 384, p. L23 (2002)

18 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE 3C 66A (0219+428) Relatively high redshift (z=0.44) BL Lac object, intermediate between the sub-classes of high- and low-frequency-peaked (HBL and LBL) Good candidate for IR absorption features One of the most promising candidates for future ACT detections above 100 GeV Detected by EGRET several times X-ray observations indicate that its synchrotron component extends into the X-ray regime

19 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE 3C 66A … continued Detection at > 100 GeV would open the door for VHE astronomy towards a new class of objects Participate in recently-awarded RXTE campaign in winter 2003-2004 (PI: Boettcher) STACEE Multiwavelength page has details: http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~stacee/multi.html

20 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Multiwavelength Campaigns STACEE participation in multiwavelength campaigns is posted on the web: http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~stacee/multi.html X-Ray and GeV-TeV Gamma-Ray Multiwavelength Observations Following the Detection of New TeV Blazars RXTE AO8 (PI: H. Krawczynski) STACEE will join the ToO follow-up observations upon notification by the PI about the detection of new TeV blazars

21 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Multiwavelength Campaigns X-Ray TeV Multiwavelength Observations of Markarian 501 and 1ES 1959+650 RXTE AO8 (PI: H. Krawczynski) STACEE will observe Markarian 501 during the RXTE observations in 2003, upon ToO notification Decision to observe 1ES 1959+650 is pending, based on recommendations of the STACEE source committee

22 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Gamma-Ray Bursts Little is known about >1 GeV emission from GRB EGRET has seen 18 GeV photon from GRB940217 Milagrito observation of GRB970417a, … Cosmological Distances Limit Horizon STACEE can see to z~1 STACEE subscribes to e-mail GCN notices

23 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE STACEE GRB Response Bursts <12 hours old within STACEE f.o.v. receive top priority Can retarget to burst location in a couple minutes Several per year now SWIFT era ~7 prompt, ~45 afterglow per year Sensitivity ~2 x 10 -9 cm -2 s -1 above 70 GeV 5  in a 30 minute observation Extrapolated GRB940217 flux ~50 times higher

24 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Using FADC Information STACEE observations in On – Off mode Stars in On or Off fields can change background rate STACEE-48 Markarian 421 detection corrected using On – Off star pairs FADC data can be padded to equalize NSB rates (cf. CELESTE work) Taking data on stars to test various methods

25 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Reconstruction Using FADCs Core finding with pulse height info (right) improves energy and angular resolution Using maximum likelihood fit to template showers Background rejection quality factor of 2.5 to 3.5 Simulated Vertical Gamma Rays

26 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE STACEE Performance ~8 Hz trigger rate 4 p.e. discriminator threshold (~50 GeV) 10  sensitivity to Crab flux 25 hours—without hadron rejection 6 hours—with hadron rejection 75 GeV 0.18 o Angular Resolution 30% Energy Resolution 1100 m 2 Effective Area 250 GeV 0.15 o Angular Resolution 25% Energy Resolution 15000 m 2 Effective Area

27 April 24, 2003 Astrophysics around 100 GeV with STACEE Summary STACEE is complete Analysis being developed to take full advantage of FADC information Results illustrate role STACEE plays understanding “low energy” part of spectrum Science has concentrated on AGN and Crab so far STACEE plans include the full range of other potential sources (SNR, pulsars, unidentified, …)

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