1. Sheu 1 n Spectrum of Organizational Changes (& Impacts) –Paradigm shift / Reengineering / Rationalization /Automation n IS as Planned Org. Change Information Systems Planning (an template outline)Information Systems Planning (an template outline) How to identify/analyze organizational requirements for building IS.How to identify/analyze organizational requirements for building IS. n Key factors in managing changes (to avoid common failure) How to address them.How to address them. L Ch9 Outline

2. Sheu 2 HOW INFO TECHNOLOGY CAN TRANSFORM ORGANIZATION n GLOBAL NETWORKS: International division of labor n ENTERPRISE NETWORKS: Collaborative work and teamwork n DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING: Empowerment of individuals, groups n PORTABLE COMPUTING: Virtual organizations n GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES: Accessibility to information and knowledge

3. Sheu 3 MANAGING CHANGE Large % of IS failed because the process of Org Change was not properly addressed. Factors: n n Organizational resistances & politics (Culture) – – 既得利益團體 – –Fear of lost job, need to learn new things (old), do not like changes. – –Management Support & Commitment n n Need credible Change Agent: – –Individual acts as catalyst during change process n n User-Designer Communication Gaps: – –Differences in backgrounds, interests, priorities impede communication (tbl 10.8) – –Sys thus developed may not address user needs. n n User involvement & influence n n Level of complexity & Risk – –Proj size; Proj structure; Experience w/ technology; Tech not ripe yet

4. Sheu 4 SPECTRUM OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE n AUTOMATION: Using technology to perform tasks efficiently / effectively n RATIONALIZATION OF PROCEDURES: Streamline SOPs; eliminate bottlenecks n BUSINESS REENGINEERING: Radical redesign of processes to improve cost, quality, service; maximize benefits of technology n PARADIGM SHIFT

5. Sheu 5 PARADIGM SHIFT What is a paradigm ( 模式、範例 ) ? What is a paradigm ( 模式、範例 ) ? PARADIGM is a complete mental model of how a complex system functions.PARADIGM is a complete mental model of how a complex system functions. Paradigms are about patterns of behavior and the rules and regulations we use to construct those patterns. We use those patterns first to establish boundaries, and then to direct us on how to solve problems. n PARADIGM SHIFT INVOLVES RETHINKING THE NATURE OF THE BUSINESS, THE ORGANIZATION; A COMPLETE RECONCEPTION OF HOW THE SYSTEM SHOULD FUNCTIONINVOLVES RETHINKING THE NATURE OF THE BUSINESS, THE ORGANIZATION; A COMPLETE RECONCEPTION OF HOW THE SYSTEM SHOULD FUNCTION

6. Sheu 6 RISKS & REWARDS RISK RETURN Low LowHigh High

7. Sheu 7 MANAGING IMPLEMENTATION DETECT, OVERCOME USER RESISTANCES, COUNTERIMPLEMENTATION DETECT, OVERCOME USER RESISTANCES, COUNTERIMPLEMENTATION -INCREASE USER INVOLVEMENT USE INTEGRATION TOOLS USE INTEGRATION TOOLS EXTERNAL:EXTERNAL: -Link users and implementation team -Place users on implementation team INTERNAL:INTERNAL: -Formal planning tools (eg.:CPM/PERT) -Formal control tools CONTROL RISK FACTORS CONTROL RISK FACTORS EMPLOY ERGONOMICS EMPLOY ERGONOMICS -Interaction of people & machines -Work environment -Design of jobs -Health issues -End-user interface of info system

8. Sheu 8 INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN IS Plan vs IS Requirements: Info Sys. Plan: (ISP) A road map indicating the direction and grand plan of systems development. The rationale/ current situation/ mgmt strategy / implementation plan / budget Info Sys. Requirements Define functions required/desired by the users.Define functions required/desired by the users. Cf: Cf:

9. Sheu 9 Sample TOC of an ISP 1. PURPOSE OF THE PLAN: – –OVERVIEW OF PLAN CONTENTS – –CHANGES IN CURRENT SITUATION – –FIRM’S STRATEGIC PLAN – –CURRENT ORGANIZATION – –MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2. STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLAN: – –CURRENT SITUATION – –CURRENT ORGANIZATION – –CHANGING ENVIRONMENT – –MAJOR GOALS OF PLAN 3. CURRENT SYSTEMS: – –MAJOR SYSTEMS SUPPORTING BUSINESS FUNCTIONS – –MAJOR CURRENT CAPABILITIES HARDWARE SOFTWARE DATABASE TELECOMMUNICATIONS – –DIFFICULTIES MEETING REQUIREMENTS – –ANTICIPATED FUTURE DEMANDS

10. Sheu 10 Sample TOC of an ISP 4. NEW DEVELOPMENTS: – –NEW SYSTEM PROJECTS PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS BUSINESS RATIONALE – –NEW CAPABILITIES REQUIRED HARDWARE SOFTWARE DATABASE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 5. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ACQUISITION PLANS MILESTONES & TIMING ORGANIZATIONAL REALIGNMENT INTERNAL REORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT CONTROLS MAJOR TRAINING INITIATIVES PERSONNEL STRATEGY

11. Sheu 11 Sample TOC of an ISP 6. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN: –DETAILED IMPLEMENTATION PLAN –ANTICIPATED IMPLEMENTATION DIFFICULTIES –PROGRESS REPORTS 7. BUDGET REQUIREMENTS: –REQUIREMENTS –POTENTIAL SAVINGS –FINANCING –ACQUISITION CYCLE

12. Sheu 12 Ways to develop Inf Sys requirements 1. ENTERPRISE ANALYSIS (BUSINESS SYSTEMS PLANNING) (fg 10.1) ORGANIZATION-WIDE INFORMATION NEEDS IN TERMS OF:ORGANIZATION-WIDE INFORMATION NEEDS IN TERMS OF: –ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS /FUNCTIONS / PROCESSES / DATA ELEMENTS HELPS IDENTIFY KEY ENTITIES & ATTRIBUTES IN ORGANIZATION’S DATAHELPS IDENTIFY KEY ENTITIES & ATTRIBUTES IN ORGANIZATION’S DATA Enormous data & hard to analyze.Enormous data & hard to analyze. 2. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS 2. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS –SMALL NUMBER, EASILY IDENTIFIABLE OPERATIONAL GOALS –SHAPED BY INDUSTRY, MANAGER, ENVIRONMENT –BELIEVED TO ASSURE FIRM’S SUCCESS. –USED TO DETERMINE ORGANIZATION’S Information System Requirements & Identify IS Opportunities.