# Ch 6.3: Step Functions Some of the most interesting elementary applications of the Laplace Transform method occur in the solution of linear equations.

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Ch 6.3: Step Functions Some of the most interesting elementary applications of the Laplace Transform method occur in the solution of linear equations with discontinuous or impulsive forcing functions. In this section, we will assume that all functions considered are piecewise continuous and of exponential order, so that their Laplace Transforms all exist, for s large enough.

Step Function definition
Let c  0. The unit step function, or Heaviside function, is defined by A negative step can be represented by

Example 1 Sketch the graph of
Solution: Recall that uc(t) is defined by Thus and hence the graph of h(t) is a rectangular pulse.

Laplace Transform of Step Function
The Laplace Transform of uc(t) is

Translated Functions Given a function f (t) defined for t  0, we will often want to consider the related function g(t) = uc(t) f (t - c): Thus g represents a translation of f a distance c in the positive t direction. In the figure below, the graph of f is given on the left, and the graph of g on the right.

Example 2 Sketch the graph of
Solution: Recall that uc(t) is defined by Thus and hence the graph of g(t) is a shifted parabola.

Theorem 6.3.1 If F(s) = L{f (t)} exists for s > a  0, and if c > 0, then Conversely, if f (t) = L-1{F(s)}, then Thus the translation of f (t) a distance c in the positive t direction corresponds to a multiplication of F(s) by e-cs.

Theorem 6.3.1: Proof Outline
We need to show Using the definition of the Laplace Transform, we have

Example 3 Find the Laplace transform of Solution: Note that Thus

Example 4 Find L{ f (t)}, where f is defined by
Note that f (t) = sin(t) + u/4(t) cos(t - /4), and

Example 5 Find L-1{F(s)}, where Solution:

Theorem 6.3.2 If F(s) = L{f (t)} exists for s > a  0, and if c is a constant, then Conversely, if f (t) = L-1{F(s)}, then Thus multiplication f (t) by ect results in translating F(s) a distance c in the positive t direction, and conversely. Proof Outline:

Example 4 Find the inverse transform of
To solve, we first complete the square: Since it follows that

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