1. URBAN ROADS

2. Scope of Urban Roads Urban/Suburban Road Segments  continuous permanent development along all or almost of its length, on at least one side of the road. Population at least 100.000 Interurban Road Segments  without continuous development on either side, such as restaurants, factories, or villages.

3. Scope of Urban Roads Urban Road Types –Two-lane two-way roads (2/2 UD) –Four-lane two-way roads Undivided (i.e. no median) (4/2 UD) Divided (i.e. with median) (4/2 D) –Six-lane two-way divide roads (6/2 D) –One-way roads (1-3/1)

4. Scope of Urban Roads Conditions: Flat or essentially flat alignment Straight or essentially straight horizontal alignment On segments of roads which are not affected by queuing caused by intersections, nor by severe platooning downstream form signalised intersections

5. Scope of Urban Roads Road Segments: Between and unaffected by signalised or major unsignalised intersections, and Having similar characteristics along its length.

6. Objective of Urban Roads Design of urban roads should be selected with the aim to ensure that degree of saturation does not exceed an acceptable value (normally 0,75)

7. Traffic Safety Considerations Widening of the lane decreases the accident rates between 2-15% per meter widening (the high number refers to narrow roads). Widening and improvement of shoulder surface conditions improves traffic safety, although to a smaller degree than lane widening

8. Traffic Safety Considerations A median reduces the accident rate with 30% Median barriers (used when the space is insufficient to make a full median) reduce fatal and severe injury accidents with 10- 30%, but increase damage only accidents.

9. Urban Roads Performance Indicator Degree of Saturation (≤ 0,75) Level of Service (A – F) Average Speed Travel Time

10. Level of Service Based on Average Speed Kelas ArteriIIIIII Kecepatan (km/jam) 72 - 5656 - 4856 – 40 LOSKecepatan Rata-rata (km/jam) A≥ 56≥ 48≥ 40 B≥ 45≥ 38≥ 31 C≥ 35≥ 29≥ 21 D≥ 28≥ 23≥ 15 E≥ 21≥ 16≥ 11 F  21  16  11

11. STEP A-1: General Data Date (day, month, year) and Handled by Province City name City size (number of inhabitants) Link number/road name Segment between … or … Segment code Area type (COM, RES, RA/Frontage Road) Length of segments Road type (4/2 D, 4/2 UD, 2/2 UD, 2/1) Time period Case number

12. STEP A-2: Geometric Conditions Compass arrow showing North Km-posts Sketch of the horizontal alignment Arrows identifying Direction 1 (North or East- bound) and Direction 2 (South or West-bound) Names of the places Major buildings Intersections and entries/exits Pavement markings

13. STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Default values for traffic composition City sizeLV%HV%MC%  0,1 M.Inh 451045 0,1 –  0,5 M.Inh 451045 0,5 –  1,0 M.Inh 53938 1,0 –  3,0 M.Inh 60832  3,0 M.Inh 69724

14. STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Road type: Undivided roads Traffic flow total both directions (veh/h) pce HV MC Carriageway width Wc (m)  6 6 > 6 Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) 0 – <1.8001,30,500,40  1.800 1,20,350,25 Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) 0 – <3.7001,30,40  3.700 1,20,25

15. STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Road types: One-way roads and Divided roads Traffic flow per lane (veh/h) pce HVMC Two-lane one-way (2/1) and Four lane divided (4/2 D) 0 – <1.0501,30,40  1.050 1,20,25 Three-lane one-way (3/1) and Six-lane divided (6/2 D) 0 – < 1.100 1,30,40  1.100 1,20,25

16. STEP A-4: Side Friction Number of pedestrians passing along or crossing the road segment (0,5) /h,200m Number of stopping vehicles and parking maneuvers (1,0) /h,200m Number of motor vehicle entries and exists to/from roadside properties and side roads (0,7) /h,200m Flow of slow-moving vehicles (bicycles, tricycles, horse-charts, oxcarts, tractors, etc. (0,4) /h

17. Road Side Friction

21. STEP A-4: Side Friction Side friction class Code Weighted number of events per 200 m per hour (both sides) Typical conditions Very lowVL< 100RES, frontage road LowL100 – 299 RES, public transport MediumM300 – 499 Industrial are + roadside shops HighH500 – 899 COM + high roadside activity Very HighVH≥ 900 COM with roadside market activities

22. STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed FV  free-flow speed for LV at actual conditions (kph) FV 0  Base free-flow speed for light vehicles (kph) FV W  Adjustment for effective carriageway width (km/h) FFV SF  Adjustment factor for side friction conditions FFV CS  Adjustment factor for city size

23. STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed Road type Base free-flow speed FV 0 (kph) LVHVMC All (mean) Six-lane divided (6/2 D) or Three- lane one-way (3/1) 61524857 Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or Two- lane one-way (2/1) 57504755 Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)53464351 Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)4440 42

24. STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FV W for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1] Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road FV W = 8 W C – 28 Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) FV W = 8 W C – 28 Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) FV W = -0,0285 W C 6 + 1,3687 W C 5 - 27,066 W C 4 + 281,74 W C 3 -1628,4 W C 2 + 4959,4 W C - 6230

25. STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FV W for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1] Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road, and Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)

26. STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FV W for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1] Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)

27. STEP B-3: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFV SF for Side Friction Road with shoulders Table B-3:1 Road with kerbs Table B-3:2 Adjustment factor FFV SF for six-lane roads FFV 6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FFV 4SF )

28. Roads with Shoulders

29. Roads with Kerbs

30. STEP B-4: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFV CS for City Size City SizeInhab. (M)FFV CS Very Small  0,1 0,90 Small 0,1 -  0,5 0,93 Medium 0,5 -  1,0 0,95 Large 1,0 -  3,0 1,00 Very Large  3,0 1,03

31. STEP B-5: Determination of Free-flow Speed for Actual Conditions Free-flow speed for light vehicles (LV) FV = (FV 0 + FV W ) x FFV SF x FFV CS Free-flow speed for other vehicle types FFV = FV 0 – FV FVHV = FV HV0 – FFV x FV HV0 /FV 0 FV HV0  Table B-1:1

32. STEP C-1: Base Capacity Road Type Base Capacity (pcu/h) Comment Four-lane divided 4/2 D or One-way road 1-3/1 1.650Per lane Four-lane undivided 4/2 UD 1.500Per lane Two-lane undivided 2/2 UD 2.900 Total in both directions

33. STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC W for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1] Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road FC W = 6,25 W C – 2,75 Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) FC W = 5,424528 W C – 1,92453 Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) FC W = -12.424 W C 6 + 76.838 W C 5 – 195.332 W C 4 + 260.873W C 3 -192.689W C 2 + 74.455W C – 11.715

34. STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC W for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1] Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road

35. STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC W for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1] Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)

36. STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC W for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1] Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)

37. STEP C-3: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC SP for Directional Split Directional split SP %-% 50-5055-4560-4065-3570-30 FC SP Two- lane 2/2 1,000,970,940,910,88 Four- lane 4/2 1,000,9850,970,9550,94

38. STEP C-4: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC SF for Side Friction Road with shoulders Table C-4:1 Road with kerbs Table C-4:2 Adjustment factor FC SF for six-lane roads FC 6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FC 4SF )

39. STEP C-5: Capacity Adjustment Factor FC CS for City Size City SizeInhab. (M)FFV CS Very Small  0,1 0,86 Small 0,1 -  0,5 0,90 Medium 0,5 -  1,0 0,94 Large 1,0 -  3,0 1,00 Very Large> 3,01,04

40. STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity for Actual Condition C  Capacity (pcu/h) C 0  Base capacity (pcu/h) FC W  Adjustment factor for carriageway width FC SP  Adjustment factor for directional split FC SF  Adjustment factor for side friction FC CS  Adjustment factor for city size

41. STEP D-1: Degree of Saturation Q  Traffic flow (pcu/h) Q  UR-2 (column 10 row 5 for undivided road) Q  UR-2 (column 10 row 3 & 4 for each direction of travel on divided road) C  Capacity (pcu/h) C  UR-3 (column 16)

42. STEP D-2: Speed and Travel Time Determine the speed at actual traffic Figure D-2:1 (two-lane undivided roads) Figure D-2:2 (multi-lane and one-way roads) Enter segment length (km) in column 24 UR-3 Calculate average travel time (hour) for Light Vehicle

43. STEP D-3: Evaluation of Traffic Performance If DS > 0,75  revise calculations

44. QUIZ