1. Water/energy cycle against data from field programs Semi-Real and Real Time at GPM Super sites and TC4 Hurricane/Typhoon (Impact of microphysics and land surface on intensity - fine resolution simulation - diurnal cycle?) Regional Climate (i.e., Monsoon) Cloud-Aerosol Interactions (transport/precipitation - Asia and USA) WRF Modifications (Goddard Suite) and Applications at Goddard W. Lau, K. Pickering, A. Hou, C. Mian, S. Braun, W. Lapenta, S. Kumar, T. Matsui, R. Shi C. Peters-Lidard, W.-K. Tao Blue Boxes: Goddard Physical Packages WRF Water Cycle (NEWS) Satellite Data CloudSat, TRMM Field Campaigns (MAP, GPM) Tao, W.-K., J. Shi, S. Chen, S. Lang, S.-Y. Hong, G. Thompson, C. Peters-Lidard, A. Hou, S. Braun, and J. Simpson, 2007: Revised bulk-microphysical schemes for studying precipitation processes: Part I: Comparison with different microphysical schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., (submitted). Kumar, S. V., C. D. Peters-Lidard, J. E. Eastman, W.-K. Tao, 2007: An integrated high resolution hydrometeorological modeling system using LIS and WRF, Environmental Modeling & Software, (in press). Tao et al. (2007) Kumar et al. (2007 ) GOCART

2. WRF Cases (high-resolution runs) GPM C3VP (2007) IHOP (2002) India - Monsoon (2005-2006) Katrina (2005) Forest Fire (2007) TC4 2007

3. Goddard Microphysics (>12 Different Schemes) No Microphysical Scheme is perfect ! CSU RAMs’ 2-Moment: Cloud-Aerosol/Precipitation Interactions (D. Posselt, A. Hou, G. Stephens) NCAR 2-moment: H. Morrison Three-moments: Milbrandt and Yau (2005)

4. Goddard Bulk Microphysical Scheme Warm Rain (Soong and Ogura 1973) Ice-Water Saturation Adjustment (Tao et al. 1989) 3ICE-Graupel and 3ICE-Hail (Tao and Simpson 1989, 1993; MuCumber et al. 1990) Option 3ICE-Graupel (Rutledge and Hobb 1984) or 3ICE -Hail (Lin et al. 1983) The sum of all the sink processes associated with one species will not exceed its mass - (Water budget balance) All transfer processes from one type of hydrometeor to another are calculated based on one thermodynamic state (ensure all processes are equal) Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Model description. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 4, 35-72. 3ICE Modification (Tao et al. 2003) Saturation adjustment Conversion from Ice to Snow 2ICE scheme (Tao et al. 2003) Ice and Snow 3ICE-Graupel Modification (Lang et al. 2007) Conversion from cloud to snow Dry growth of graupel Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, D. Baker, S. Braun, M.-D. Chou, B. Ferrier, D. Johnson, A. Khain, S. Lang, B. Lynn, C.-L. Shie, D. Starr, C.-H. Sui, Y. Wang and P. Wetzel, 2003: Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model, A Special Issue on Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Modeling, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 82, 97-137. Lang, S., W.-K. Tao, R. Cifelli, W. Olson, J. Halverson, S. Rutledge, and J. Simpson, 2007: Improving simulations of convective system from TRMM LBA: Easterly and Westerly regimes. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1141-1164. Observation Improved (WRF) CFAD - Radar Reflectivity dBz H(km) MM5 WRF <-- GCE

5. Microphysical Schemes WRF WSM6 (Hong et al. 2004) WRF Purdue Lin (Chen and Sun 2002) WRF Thompson (Thompson et al. 2007 - V3) Goddard 3ICE - Graupel (Tao et al. 2003a; Lang et al. 2007) Tropical Oceanic Goddard 3ICE - Hail (Tao and Simpson 1993; McCumber et al. 1990) - Mid- latitude Continental Goddard 2ICE (Tao et al. 2003b) - Winter Snow Storm/Frontal

6. LinThompsonWSM6 Observation GCE 3ICE-Hail simulated a very thin convective line and is in better agreement with observation 3ice/graupel2ICE3ice/hail IHOP 2002 - WRF 1 km grid

7. WRF Thompson qgqg qgqg WRF WSM6 qgqg WRF Purdue-Lin 3ICE-graupel 2ICE 3ICE-hail qsqs qsqs qsqs qsqs Tao, W.-K., J. Shi, S. Chen, S. Lang, S.-Y. Hong, G. Thompson, C. Peters-Lidard, A. Hou, S. Braun, and J. Simpson, 2007: Revised bulk-microphysical schemes for studying precipitation processes: Part I: Comparison with different microphysical schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., (submitted). q s : snow q g : graupel

8. Tracks for Hurricane Katrina (2005) from the observation and five different WRF experiments using different microphysical schemes (from 00Z 8/27/2005 to 00Z 8/30/2005). Good track forecast in 1st 24 h model integration All schemes’ simulated track is far west after landfall Minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) from the observation and five different WRF experiments using different microphysical schemes (00Z 8/27/2005 to 00Z 8/30/2005). Similar temporal variation between model simulated and observed MSLP. All schemes over-estimated MSLP, especially Lin scheme. Hurricane Katrina (2005) - 1.67 km grid Lin Minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) Tracks for Hurricane Katrina Lin

9. 3ice/graupel WSM6 Lin Thompson 3ice/hail2ice IR-TRMM Hurricane Isabel (2003) Goddard 3Ice-graupel appears to agree with observation in eye and outer rain band structure

10. 06 Z 1/20 200700 Z 1/21 2007 07 Z 1/22 2007 09 Z 1/22 2007 WRF Simulated Radar Reflectivity (1 km grid) Two Major Snow Events - 1-2 feet snow: A lake (local) effect event (top two) and a synoptic event

11. 3ICE2ICE Vertical profiles of domain- and 1st 24-hour time-average cloud species (i.e., cloud water, rain, cloud ice, snow and graupel) for the 3ICE (cloud ice, snow and graupel) and 2ICE (cloud ice and snow) O O Large precipitating particles (rain and graupel) did not form for both experiments <--- weak vertical velocity (~50 cm/s). O O Similar profiles for cloud water, cloud ice and snow for both experiments. O O Goddard 3ICE microphysical scheme did response the cloud dynamic well without producing large size precipitating ice (graupel). O O Cloud water presence during snow event has been observed and simulated (also found many other snow events)

12. Lin WSM6 Thompson Goddard Sensitivity of microphysical schemes on the vertical profiles of domain and time-average cloud species (1st 2hh hour integration and for lake snow event) No cloud ice Snow and graupel at ground Cloud ice is dominant species, little cloud water No cloud ice, little cloud water Snow and graupel at ground

13. Goddard WRF In-Line Cloud Statistics - Cloud water and energy budget (convective vs stratiform) Tracer Calculation - Trace gases redistribution by convective updraft and downdraft Microphysics New 3Ice-Graupel 2-Moment (cloud-aerosol interactions) - Testing Multi-moment (mass, concentration, shape) Hybrid (Spectral bin and bulk microphysics) S atellite (Earth) simulators (microwave, dual frequency precipitation radar, lidar, cloud radar, IR…) - Need to improve computational performance - documentation. Ocean Model(s)

14. Thanks More on GCE model microphysics improvement Impact on Global Cloud-Resolving Model Observation WRF New Reducing the overestimate of 40 dBz at higher altitude