1. Lady Bugs and Cell Phones Research Methods in Psychology Then and Now Presented in PSY 3384 University of The Incarnate Word February 24, 2005  Harold Rodinsky MSc.

2. Research Methods Our curiosity leads us –To ask a question –About some Observation Our first task –Is to define The observation of interest –So that we can.. 

3. Research Methods –Creating An operational definition That allows us To evaluate our observations –Rather than Speculate about our observation

4. Observation I see students walking to class A lady bug lands on the arm of one of the students The student doesn’t realize the ladybug is on her arm one her friends tell her about the Lady Bug OBSERVATION OF INTEREST………… Why didn’t the student know that the Lady Bug was on her arm?

5. How to Define the Observation We could speculate –The student was to busy to notice !!! Speculation provides no information about our question What can we measure ? –the weight of the lady bug

6. Operational Definition Does measuring the Lady Bug –tell us why the student didn’t sense the lady bug –Or does the weight of the ladybug –raise another question ?

7. The Beginning of Experimental Psychology British Empiricists –Sensations were the only source of knowledge Bessel demonstrated –Individual differences In sensation & perception Physiologists –Were defining the structure & function of the senses

8. The Inquiry of Experimental Psychology With these advancements in place –It was time to experiment with –And measure –The MIND To methodologically –and scientifically investigate The subjective Experience of sensation

9. The First Four Credited with the application –Of experimental research methods –To the study of the mind Herman von Helmholtz Ernst Weber Gustav Fechner Wilhelm Wundt

10. Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Researcher in many fields –Physics –Physiology –Experimental Psychology Speed of neural impulse Reaction times for sensory nerves Theory of color vision

11. Ernst Weber (1795-1878) Weber did research –On the perception –Of weight This lead to –Two-point threshold minimum distance Between sensations That can be detected –This work lead to Just Noticeable Difference Smallest difference between weights that can be detected

12. Weber’s Contributions Discrimination of two sensations –Depends on a ratio between them –Not absolute difference between weights Not a direct correspondence –Between sensation and perception –Did not appreciate this in terms of psychology Weber’s work the measurement of sensation –Still in use today

13. Gustav Fechner (1801-1887) Studied many fields –Proposed two ways to measure Sensation First –Is the stimulus present –Or absent ? (yes/no) Second –Measure the intensity –of stimuli –When reported as present and is called –Absolute Threshold –Differential Threshold The least amount of change that gives rise to a new sensation

14. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Father of Modern Psychology –Formalized psychology into academic discipline –Set up first laboratory for psychological research Research focus CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE –Social Psychology –Stages of cognitive development »Expressed in art, literature, myth »Social customs and morals

15. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Father of Modern Psychology –Formalized academic discipline –first laboratory for psychological research –Research focus CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE

16. Absolute Threshold Lady bug –Absent or present ? Above or below Absolute threshold If the Lady Bug isn’t noticed –It is below –absolute threshold Can we discriminate –Between one and two lady bugs?

17. Discrimination Experiment Lets’ find out –We need Cotton balls Paper cups 12 participants 12 assistants

18. Two Point Threshold What if two Lady Bugs –land on your arm ? Weber’s research –“…there is a threshold –Where you can’t tell If it is two lady bugs Or one lady bug

19. Two-Point Experiment Lets measure –The two-point threshold –We need 4 participants 4 blindfolds 4 dividers 4 rulers 4 assistants 1 blackboard

20. Results Absolute Threshold –Subject to individual differences Was the lady Bug detected –Yes/no –If no below threshold –If yes above threshold Discrimination Test –The smallest change in stimuli That is detectable Two-Point Threshold –Subject to individual differences By two-point threshold testing –We can measure the smallest distance between two points –That is detectable

21. Discussion Absolute Threshold Absolute Threshold –Do I feel the key depress when I press it? –OR Do I select –Key sound option So I can HEAR Rather than feel the key has been depressed

22. Discussion Discrimination The smallest change in stimuli detectable –Are the keys uniform –All the same ? –OR Are there slight Differences So we can sense the difference? –Look at your #5 Key

23. Discussion Two-Point Threshold How far apart are the keys on my cell phone? –Can I feel the difference between keys –Or do I feel just one key?

24. Summary Discussion The research methods we demonstrated –Are from the earliest days in the history of psychology These studies answer fundamental questions –Produce fundamental theories That are still pertinent today –Used in designing consumer products –In medical testing