1. 15-Jun-15 Lists in Java Part of the Collections Framework

2. Kinds of Collections Collection —a group of objects, called elements Set— An unordered collection with no duplicates SortedSet — An ordered collection with no duplicates List— an ordered collection, duplicates are allowed Map— a collection that maps keys to values SortedMap— a collection ordered by the keys Note that there are two distinct hierarchies

3. Using Collections import java.util.* or import java.util.Collection; There is a sister class, java.util.Collections; that provides a number of algorithms for use with collections: sort, binarySearch, copy, shuffle, reverse, max, min, etc.

4. Collections Example import java.util.*; // importing Arrays, List, and Collections public class TestCollections { public static void main(String args[]) { String[] array = {"Phil", "Mary", "Betty", "bob"}; List myList = Arrays.asList(array); Collections.sort(myList); System.out.println("Sorted: " + myList); int where = Collections.binarySearch(myList, "bob"); System.out.println("bob is at " + where); Collections.shuffle(myList); System.out.println("Shuffled: " + myList); } Sorted: [Betty, Mary, Phil, bob] bob is at 3 Shuffled: [Betty, bob, Phil, Mary]

5. Collections are interfaces Collection is actually an interface Each kind of Collection has one or more implementations You can create new kinds of Collections When you implement an interface, you promise to supply the required methods Some Collection methods are optional How can an interface declare an optional method?

6. Creating a Collection All Collection implementations should have two constructors: A no-argument constructor to create an empty collection A constructor with another Collection as argument All the Sun-supplied implementations obey this rule, but— If you implement your own Collection type, this rule cannot be enforced, because an Interface cannot specify constructors

7. Collection: Basic operations int size( ); boolean isEmpty( ); boolean contains(Object element); boolean add(Object element); // Optional boolean remove(Object element); // Optional Iterator iterator( );

8. Collection: Iterator boolean hasNext( ); // true if there is another element Object next( ); // returns the next element (advances the iterator) void remove( ); // Optional // removes the element returned by next } public interface Iterator {

9. Using an Iterator static void printAll (Collection coll) { Iterator iter = coll.iterator( ); while (iter.hasNext( )) { System.out.println(iter.next( ) ); } } hasNext() just checks if there are any more elements next() returns the next element and advances in the collection Note that this code is polymorphic—it will work for any collection

10. Set operations A B Set union: A  B A B Set intersection: A  B A B Set difference: A – B

11. Collection: Bulk operations boolean containsAll(Collection c); boolean addAll(Collection c); // Optional boolean removeAll(Collection c); // Optional boolean retainAll(Collection c); // Optional void clear( ); // Optional addAll, removeAll, retainAll return true if the object receiving the message was modified

12. Mixing Collection types Note that most methods, such as boolean containsAll(Collection c); are defined for any type of Collection, and take any type of Collection as an argument This makes it very easy to work with different types of Collections

13. singleton Collections.singleton(e) returns an immutable set containing only the element e c.removeAll(Collections.singleton(e)); will remove all occurrences of e from the Collection c

14. Collection: Array operations Object[ ] toArray( ); Creates a new array of Object s Object[ ] toArray(SomeType a[ ]); Allows the caller to provide the array Copies the elements to the given array Can throw a ClassCastException if the elements cannot be cast to the correct type for the given array Examples: Object[ ] a = c.toArray( ); String[ ] a; a = (String[ ]) c.toArray(new String[0]);

15. The List interface The order of elements in a List is important, and there may be duplicate elements Operations are exactly those for Collection int size( ); boolean isEmpty( ); boolean contains(Object e); boolean add(Object e); boolean remove(Object e); Iterator iterator( ); boolean containsAll(Collection c); boolean addAll(Collection c); boolean removeAll(Collection c); boolean retainAll(Collection c); void clear( ); Object[ ] toArray( ); Object[ ] toArray(Object a[ ]);

16. List implementations List is an interface; you can’t say new List ( ) There are two implementations: LinkedList gives faster insertions and deletions ArrayList gives faster random access It’s poor style to expose the implementation unnecessarily, so: Good: List list = new LinkedList ( ); Not as good: LinkedList list = new LinkedList ( );

17. Inherited List methods list.remove(e) removes the first e add and addAll add to the end of the list To append one list to another: list1.addAll(list2); To append two lists into a new list: List list3 = new ArrayList(list1); list3.addAll(list2); Again, it's good style to hide the implementation

18. List: Positional access Object get(int index); // Required -- // the rest are optional Object set(int index, Object element); void add(int index, Object element); Object remove(int index); abstract boolean addAll(int index, Collection c); These operations are more efficient with the ArrayList implementation

19. List: Searching int indexOf(Object o); int lastIndexOf(Object o); equals and hashCode work even if implementations are different

20. Interface List: Iteration Iterators specific to Lists: ListIterator listIterator( ); ListIterator listIterator(int index); starts at the position indicated (0 is first element) Methods that ListIterator inherits from Iterator : boolean hasNext( ); Object next( ); void remove( ); Additional methods: boolean hasPrevious() Object previous()

21. List : Iterating backwards boolean hasPrevious( ); Object previous( ); int nextIndex( ); int previousIndex( ); Think of the iterator as “between” elements Hence, next followed by previous gives you the same element each time

22. List : More operations void add(Object o); Inserts an object at the cursor position Object set(Object o); // Optional Replace the current element; return the old one Object remove(int index); // Optional Remove and return the element at that position

23. List: Range-view List subList(int from, int to); allows you to manipulate part of a list Notice the unusual capitalization A sublist may be used just like any other list

24. The End References: http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/collections /interfaces/collection.html http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/collections /interfaces/list.html