1. FIT Learning Outcome Workshop
Dr. Yeoh Eng Thiam
11 & 13 August 2010

2. Agenda Briefing on OBE and targets to be achieved
Session 1: Revision of subject LOs and SLTs
Session 2: Mapping of Assessments to LOs
Session 3: Mapping of subject LOs to program POs

3. Briefing on OBE

9. Curriculum, Teaching and Assessment in Traditional Teaching
Curriculum Teaching Assessment
A list of topics Lecture, tutorial Exam, MCQ
to be covered practicum assignment
as defaults as defaults

10. If students are to learn desired outcomes in a reasonably effective manner, then the teacher’s fundamental task is to get students to engage in learning activities that are likely to result in their achieving those outcomes… It is helpful to remember that what the student does is actually more important in determining what is learned than what the teacher does.
(Shuell, 1986: 429)

11. This is in fact a design for teaching:
1. Define the intended learning outcomes that refer not only to content to be learned, but what is to be done with that content and to what standards.
2. Create a learning environment that is likely to engage the student in learning activities that will bring about the intended outcomes.
3. Use assessment tasks that directly address the outcome and that enable you to judge if and how well students’ performances meet the criteria.
Transform these judgments into summative grades.

12. in Outcomes-based teaching and learning
Curriculum, Teaching and Assessment
in Outcomes-based teaching and learning
Curriculum Intended learning outcomes
A list of topics to be covered BUT what are the students supposed to be able to do after learning those topics that they couldn’t do before? What are the intended learning outcomes of teaching?
Teaching
What learning activities should the students engage in order for them to best achieve those outcomes?
Assessment
What assessment tasks (tests, assignments) would really tell us how well they have achieved the intended learning outcomes?

13. Teacher's and Student's Perspective on Assessment:
Outcomes-based teaching and learning
Teacher: Intended Outcomes Teaching activities Assessment
Student: Assessment Learning activities Outcomes

14. Implementing Outcomes-based Teaching and Learning using Constructive Alignment
Engaging the
student in the
verb in the
ILO apply
ILO:
What the student
has to learn
(apply
Psychology…)
Assessment:
How well
the student
has met the
ILO apply

15. Constructive Alignment
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
expressed as verbs students have to enact
Assessment Tasks
Format such that
the target verbs are
elicited and
deployed
in context.
Criteria clearly allow
judgement as to the
quality of the
student's
performance
Teaching / Learning
Activities
Designed to
elicit desired
verbs
May be:
Large class activities
Small class activities
Teacher-managed
Peer-managed
Self-managed
as best suits context
The very best understanding that could be
reasonably expected:
verbs such as hypothesise, apply to “far” domains, generate, relate to principle, etc.
Highly satisfactory understanding:
verbs such as explain, solve, understand main ideas, analyze, compare, etc.
Quite satisfactory learning, with under-
standing at a declarative level:
verbs such as elaborate, classify, cover topics a to n,
Understanding at a low level :
low level verbs, also inadequate but salvageable higher level attempts.

16. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
Higher Education Institutes
What are the HEI Learning Outcomes an ideal graduate of the institution should achieve?
Programme level
What are the intended learning outcomes for students enrolled in the degree programme?
Course level
What are the intended learning outcomes for students taking a particular course at a particular level within the programme?

18. Our Tasks To review subject LOs & SLTs
To align the subject assessments to the LOs
To map the subject LOs to program LOs

19. Revision of Subject LOs and SLTs

20. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
Statements of what students are expected to be able to do as a result of engaging in the learning process (studying a course).
ILOs should reflect the level of the course.
Expressed from the students' perspective (as different from objectives).
Expressed in the form of action verbs leading to observable and assessable outcomes.
Related to criteria for assessing student performance.

21. The Verbs in the ILOs . Write ILOs by using appropriate verbs.
. Teaching is aimed at activating those verbs.
. Students should be unable to complete the assessment tasks unless they enact the same verbs that are in the ILOs (criterion-referenced).
. Generic high level verbs include: apply, conceptualise, reflect, create original insights, solve unseen problems, generate new alternatives, critically review. Such verbs might typically be used to define an A grade in meeting the ILOs, depending on the subject. Low level verbs such as describe, identify, would be more frequent in defining C and D.

22. Distinguish the kind of knowledge you want
Declarative knowledge:
. Knowing about things
. Knowledge we can declare to someone in
writing or telling
e.g. ‘Distinguish between topic-based and outcomes-based teaching’
Functioning knowledge:
. Knowledge we put to work in solving a physics problem, analysing a case study, designing a building, making an argument
e.g. ‘Write an ILO for a subject you are currently teaching’

23. Alignment with teaching and assessment is created by the verbs in the ILOs
For example: “Explain the historical evolution of nursing science”
Teaching is specifically aimed at activating the verb –for example the students do the explaining to each other, providing feedback from rubrics defining aspects of a good explanation (at end of this presentation). They don’t just listen to the teacher doing the explaining.
Students should be unable to complete the assessment tasks unless they enact the same verb that is in the ILO. For example, students could individually explain to the class how they see the historical evolution of nursing. The teacher, perhaps using peer assessment too, assess each explanation with the same rubrics.

24. Procedures in designing Course ILOs
1. Select the topics to be taught.
2. Decide what kind of knowledge is to be taught -
Declarative or functioning.
3. Decide the levels of understanding/performance the students are expected to achieve for the different topics.
4. Consider if all the ILOs are of equal importance.
5. Ensure a clear understanding and agreement of the ILOs within the teaching team and other relevant parties, e.g. External Reviewer.
6. Communicate the ILOs to students.

31. Action Determine LO domain and level
Write the description using one of the relevant verbs (see reference list)
Check syllabus topics whether all LOs are covered accordingly

32. Designing Teaching/Learning Activities (TLAs) to Align with Intended Learning Outcomes
Having designed Programme ILOs and the
Course ILOs, we now need to design
suitable Teaching/Learning Activities that
will facilitate students achieving the ILOs.
The best way to do this is to activate the verbs or learning activities embedded in the ILOs.
NB: there are many alternatives to lectures
and tutorials, even in large classes.

33. Typical ILO Possible TLAs
Describe reading/lecture followed by presentation
Explain tutorial, written essay, peer assessment
Integrate project, assignment
Apply project, case study, work-based learning
Solve problem PBL, case study
Design, create project, creative writing
Hypothesise experiment, project
Reflect reflective diary
The point is not how you are going to teach but how and what you want your students to learn.
NOTE! Many of these TLAs can be assessments tasks as well. Then you have excellent alignment.

34. Action Determine the TLAs for each LO
Determine the duration for each TLA
Estimate the Self Learning Time (refer to SLT guidelines)
Calculate the subtotals and SLT
Calculate the Credit Hour (should match the subject credit hours)

35. Mapping of Assessments to LOs

36. Assessment Tasks (ATs)
. provide students the opportunity to demonstrate whether or not they have achieved the ILOs and what level their performance is in those ILOs.
. should be appropriately designed or selected to address the ILOs that we want to assess.
. different assessment methods (tasks) address different ILOs. There should therefore be several kinds of task.
. provide the evidence allowing teachers to make a judgment about the level of a student’s performance against the ILOs and to award a final grade.

37. Common ILOs Possible Assessment Tasks
Describe essay question, exam, oral presentation (peer assessment)
Explain assignment, essay question exam, oral, letter-to-a-friend
Integrate project, assignment
Analyse case study, assignment
Apply project, case study, experiment
Solve problem case study, project, experiment
Design, create project, experiment
Reflect reflective diary, portfolio,
self-assessment
Communicate a range of oral, writing or listening tasks, e.g. presentation, debate, role play, reporting, assignment, precis, paraphasing, answering questions etc.

42. Action Define Learning Activities/Assessment Methods
Map Assessment to LOs
Determine the percentage of each assessment (total should be 100%)
Calculate the percentage contribution of each assessment to LOs

43. Mapping of LOs to POs

44. Program Outcomes
Every program has a set of POs to define the student who completes the program
The POs are achieved through the courses in the program
(Note: in next diagrams, LOD = PO)

47. Action
Map each LO to the relevant POs

48. References
Biggs, J. B. and Tang, C. AKEPT Workshop: “Outcome-based Teaching and Learning: Enhancing Learning Through Constructive Alignment”, Feb 2010.
Biggs, J. B. and Tang, C. (2007, 3rd edition) Teaching for Quality Learning at University, Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press/McGraw Hill, 2007.
Fernandez-Chung, R.M. MQA Training: “Planning to Achieve Learning Outcomes”, Apr 2010.
Wong, H.Y. MMU Workshop: “OBE Measurement”, Jul 2010.