1. Here’s What I Won’t Talk About Enrico Fermi’s (1954) Space-Based World Machine Bill Foster Sulak Festschrift October 22, 2005

2. Panofsky,1997 Livingston Plot (Parton E CM vs Calendar Year) Exponentially Available Resources by mining the Asteroids with Self-Replicating Factories Second Golden Age of Particle Physics How to Deal with Today’s Reality … and the Last, Best Hope for U.S. Particle Physics

3. Space Exploration via Self-Replicating Factories is an Ancient Concept Dave Barry (2003) Penrose, L. S. Self-Reproducing Machines. Scientific American 206, 6, pp. 105-114, 1959. Chirikjian, Zhou, and Suthakorn, Self Replicating Robots for Lunar Development. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, 7, 4, pp. 462-472, 2002. Spreading Rate Across the Universe

4. Stanley Steamer to Stanley the Robotic Vehicle ~ 100 Years 1906 Stanley SteamerDARPA Grand Challenge Winner (2005) Self-Replicating Robotic Factories are going to be one of those things like Flat-Screen TV that everyone laughs at, until one day they suddenly appear…. Today’s Computers are Already Good Enough For Self- Replication

5. Carbon Nanotubes may make the Space Elevetor a Reality The electricity bill to get yourself into low-Earth Orbit is about $10

6. The Next Microsoft ® Opportunity Will be captured by the first (Nation, Region, or Planet…) that builds the first self-replicating factory to mine the asteriods. HEP accelerators will be an afterthought But that’s a different talk…

7. Future Accelerators Three Feasible ~$10B Projects: 1.0.5 TeV e+e- Linear Collider 2.40 TeV  250 TeV P-P Collider 3. -factory  muon collider? Three Regions: 1.Europe 2.North America 3.Asia How Hard Can This Be? I am Also Not Going to Talk About:

8. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver The SCRF Proton Driver Bill Foster Sulak Festschrift October 22, 2005 A New High Intensity Proton Source (and more!) at Fermilab

9. Outline Fermilab Strategic Context Superconducting RF Proton Driver Concept Physics program with an intense proton source –Focus: Long baseline neutrino experiments –Mention: Other physics possibilities (multi-mission linac) Proton Driver Technical Design Hardware & Collaborations in Progress

10. Fermilab Strategic Context  For the last 20 years, Fermilab has operated the world’s highest energy physics program at the Tevatron, a E CM = 2 TeV superconducting proton-antiproton collider.  This will come to an end in ~2009 when the CERN LHC turns on and begins doing physics at 14 TeV (P-P)

11. … Fermilab Strategic Context  The International Linear Collider (ILC) (~ 0.5 TeV e+e-) has been endorsed as the Next Big Thing in High Energy Physics Fermilab is an excellent candidate site.  Wide spectrum of opinion as to how likely it is that the Bush administration will support a ~$12 B new initiative in HEP any time soon Shouldn’t put all our eggs in one basket…  On the other hand, the world’s best Neutrino Physics program will continue at Fermilab in any case Find a way to do both ILC R&D and Neutrinos

12. August 5, 2005G.W.Foster - Proton Driver 8 GeV Superconducting Linac New idea incorporating concepts from the ILC, the Spallation Neutron Source, RIA and APT. –Copy SNS, RIA, and JPARC Linac design up to 1.3 GeV –Use “TESLA” Cryomodules from 1.3 - 8 GeV –H - Injection at 8 GeV in Main Injector  “Super-Beams” in Fermilab Main Injector: – 2 MW Beam power at BOTH 8 GeV and 120 GeV – Small emittances ==> Small losses in Main Injector – Minimum (1.5 sec) cycle time (or less) – MI Beam Power Independent of Beam Energy ==> (flexible neutrino program)

13. August 5, 2005G.W.Foster - Proton Driver 8 GeV Superconducting Linac With X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory ~ 700m Active Length 8 GeV Linac X-RAY FEL LAB 8 GeV neutrino Main Injector @2 MW Anti- Proton SY-120 Fixed- Target Neutrino “Super- Beams” NUMI Off- Axis & Long-Pulse Spallation Source Neutrino Target Neutrinos to “Homestake” Short Baseline Detector Array Target and Muon Cooling Channel Bunching Ring Recirculating Linac for Neutrino Factory VLHC at Fermilab Damping Rings for TESLA @ FNAL With 8 GeV e+ Preacc. 1% LC Systems Test

14. August 5, 2005G.W.Foster - Proton Driver 8 GeV SC Linac Proton Driver A Bridge Program to the Linear Collider Near Term Physics Program (neutrinos+) Multiple HEP Destinations & Off-Ramps A seed project for Industrial Participation 50 cryomodules, 12 RF stations, ~1.5% of LC

15. Fermilab’s Fork in the Road IF ( ILC 2006 CDR looks affordable) THEN –Push for ILC ~2010 construction start at Fermilab –Proceed with 120 GeV Neutrino Program at >1 MW ELSE –Superconducting 8 GeV Proton Driver starting 2008 –30-120 GeV and 8 GeV Beams at 2-4 MW –Stepping-Stone to delayed ILC construction start ~2012 ENDIF

16. Fermilab’s New Director Pier Oddone’s presentation to EPP 2010: Proton Driver Project Plans 2008 Construction Start - (CD-1 review June ’06)

17. Proton Driver Physics Main Motivation: Neutrino Oscillations also: Neutrino Scattering Muons Kaons, pions, neutrons, antiprotons ….. The Elephant in the room is the synergy with the International Linear Collider, the oft-stated highest priority of US HEP.

18. Neutrino Physics at Fermilab Neutrino physics provides the primary motivation for a new Fermilab Proton Driver. The recent APS study on the future of neutrino physics concluded with some recommendations, amongst which: –“We recommend, as a high priority, a comprehensive U.S. program to complete our understanding of neutrino mixing, to determine the character of the neutrino mass spectrum, and to search for CP violation among neutrinos.” The program to do this should have as one of its components: –“A proton driver in the megawatt class or above and neutrino superbeam with an appropriate very large detector capable of observing CP violation and measuring the neutrino mass-squared differences and mixing parameters with high precision.”

19. Rare decays (window for new physics) Intense Kaon beams! Muon physics (with intense muon beams) –Rare muon decays, Search for lepton flavor violation :  → e  or  → 3e –Muon EDM, CP violation –Precision measurements: g-2 (statistics limits understanding systematics) Neutrino Factories Anti-Proton Physics –When BTEV ends ~ 2015 Fermilab will have by far the worlds most intense source of antiproton. What should we do with it ? Long pulse spallation neutron source, etc… Other Possible Physics with Intense Proton Sources e.g. BR (K L → p o n n )    

20. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver Motivations for the Linac Proton Driver Protons on Target for Neutrino Program 2 MW at 30-120 GeV from the Main Injector 0.5 - 2 MW at 8 GeV directly from the Linac Clear path for further MI upgrades > 2 MW Synergy with International Linear Collider –Exactly the same technology for E ~ 1.5  8 GeV –1.5% Scale Demonstration Project & U.S. Cost Basis –Seed Project for U.S. Industrialization of SCRF Linac Provides All Three

21. Fermilab’s Existing Proton Source Cockroft-Walton H - ions  (750 KeV) 35 yrs old Drift Tube LINAC 750 KeV  116 MeV 35 yrs old FNAL Accelerator Complex 7 major accelerators !) Proton Source = Linac, Booster, Main Injector 35 yrs old 8 GeV Booster Rapid-Cycling Synchrotron Intensity Bottlenecks: Space Charge at Booster Injection, and Booster Beam Loss

22. Booster & Main Injector Booster Synchrotron 15 Hz resonant magnet cycle 400 MeV H - stripped  8 GeV Protons Protons  MI or Mini-BooNE 35 yrs old 1999 Main Injector Synchrotron 8 GeV  150 GeV Protons or Pbars for TeV Collider  120 GeV for PBAR production or to the NUMI target

23. Q: WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS NUMBER ? A: this is the number of vacuum tubes required to accelerate beams to 8 GeV in Fermilab’s current Proton Source. 451

24. β=1 Modulator β=1 Modulator 36 Cavites / Klystron TESLA LINAC 8 Klystrons 288 Cavities in 36 Cryomodules 1300 MHz β=1 β<1 TESLA LINAC 2 Klystrons 96 Elliptical Cavities 12 Cryomodules 1300 MHz 0.1-1.2 GeV β=1 Modulator β=1 Modulator β=1 Modulator β=1 Modulator β=1 Modulator β=1 Modulator 10 MW TESLA Multi-Beam Klystrons 48 Cavites / Klystron β=.81 Modulator β=.81 8 Cavites / Cryomodule 0.5 MW Initial 8 GeV Linac 11 Klystrons (2 types) 449 Cavities 51 Cryomodules “PULSED RIA” Front End Linac 325 MHz 0-110 MeV H-RFQMEBTRTSRSSRDSR Single 3 MW JPARC Klystron Multi-Cavity Fanout at 10 - 50 kW/cavity Phase and Amplitude Control w/ Ferrite Tuners DSR β=.47 Modulator β=.47β=.61 or… 325 MHz Spoke Resonators Elliptical Option Modulator 10 MW TESLA Klystrons

25. The Building Block of the 8 GeV Linac … is the TESLA RF Station: 1 Klystron 1 Modulator ~ 4 Cryomodules 36 SCRF CAVITIES ~1 GeV of Beam Energy Proton Driver: 8 RF Stations Linear Collider: 500 RF Stations Understanding the production cost of the TESLA RF station is the most important question in (US) HEP.

26. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

27. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

28. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

29. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

30. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

31. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

32. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

33. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

34. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

35. Fermilab G. W. Foster – Proton Driver

37. Cavities and Cryomodules 9-cell, 1.3 GHz Tesla SCRF Cavity Cryomodule at Tesla Test Facility The Cavities and Cryo-modules for 85% of the Proton Driver will be nearly identical to those developed by the TESLA collaboration for the International Linear Collider

38. 8 GeV Superconducting Linac With X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory ~ 700m Active Length 8 GeV Linac X-RAY FEL LAB 8 GeV neutrino Main Injector @2 MW Anti- Proton SY-120 Fixed- Target Neutrino “Super- Beams” NUMI Off- Axis & Long-Pulse Spallation Source? Neutrino Target Neutrinos to “Homestake” Short Baseline Detector Array Target and Muon Cooling Channel Bunching Ring Recirculating Linac for Neutrino Factory VLHC at Fermilab Damping Rings for TESLA @ FNAL With 8 GeV e+ Preacc. 1% LC Systems Test

39. The Baseline Mission: 8 GeV H- Injection and Super Beams in the Main Injector ~ 700m Active Length 8 GeV Linac 8 GeV neutrino Main Injector @2 MW SY-120 Fixed- Target Neutrino “Super- Beams” NUMI Off- Axis

40. MORE INFORMATION Project site: http://protondriver.fnal.gov Physics and Machine “CD-0” Documents Recent Director’s Review: http://protondriver.fnal.gov/PDrev15Mar05.htm Recent ICFA Workshop: http://www.niu.edu/clasep/HPSLconf/