1. Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population Authors: Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf- Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andr´e Barroso Presented by Vinuthna & Arjun

2. Motivation 90% of all new information is stored on magnetic disks. Most of such data stored on HDD Study failure patterns and key factors that affect the life Analyze the correlation between failures and parameters that are believed to impact life of HDD Why ? --better design and maintenance of storage systems

3. Previous studies Mostly accelerated aging experiments – poor predictor Moderate size Stats present on returned units from warranty databases No insight on what actually happened to drive during operation

4. Our study Large study – examining hard drives in Google’s infrastructure. 1 lac disk drives Disk population size is large but depth and detail of study from a end users point of view Why? Manufacturers say failure rate is below 2% but end user experiences much high failure rate Some studies say the failure rate is 20-30% when manufacturer says no prob and it fails on field

5. SYSTEM HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE Collection layer – collects data from each server and dumps to repository Storage based on BIGTABLE which is based on GFS. Has 2D data cells and 3 rd dimension for time version Database has complete history of environment, error, config and repair events A daemon runs on each machines. It is light weight & gives info to collectors Large scale analysis done by MapReduce Computation is readily available, user focuses on algorithm of computations

6. Some other info Data collected over nine months. Mix of HDD--- diff ages, manufacturers and models Failure info mined from previous repair databases upto 5 years We monitor temp, activity levels and SMART parameters Results are not affected by population mix

7. Results Utilization Previous notion – high duty cycles affect disk drives negatively

8. Utilization AFR More utilization, more failures true only for infant mortality stage and end stage After 1st year high utilization is only moderately over low utilization How is this possible- Survival of the fittest, previous correlation based on accelerated life test. Same is seen here. Conclusion – Utilization has much weaker correlation to failure than assumed before

9. Temperature Previous belief temperature change of 15C can double failure rate PDF – Failure does not increase with temperature. Infact lower temperatures may have higher failure rate For age vs AFR – flat failure rate for mid range temp, Modest increase for low temps High temp is not associated with high failure rate, except when old Conclusion – If moderate temp range is considered, temp is not a strong factor for failure rate

10. SMART Data Analysis Some signals more relevant to disk failures Parameters – Scan errors – Reallocation counts – Offline Reallocations – Probational counts – Miscellaneous signals

11. Scan errors Errors that are reported when drives scan the disk surface in the background Indicative of surface defects Consistent impact on AFR Drives with scan errors are 39 times more likely to fail after first scan error

14. Reallocation Counts Represents the number of times a faulty sector is remapped to new physical sector Consistent impact on AFR 14 times more likely to fail

17. Offline reallocations Subset of reallocation counts Reallocated sectors found during background scrubbing Survival probability worse than total reallocations 21 times more likely to fail

20. Probational counts Sectors are on ‘probation’ until they fail permanently or work without problems 16 times more likely to fail Threshold is 1

23. Miscellaneous signals Seek errors CRC errors Power cycles Calibration retries Spin retries Power-on hours Vibration

24. Conclusion Larger population size used compared to previous studies Lack of consistent pattern of failures for high temperatures or utilization levels SMART parameters are well correlated with failure probabilities Prediction models based only on SMART parameters is limited in accuracy