1. CC-124 Growth Kinetics (Light Intensity Results) Bojan Tamburic 20/10/2009

2. Raw Data – pH and OD

3. Raw Data – OD and pO 2

4. Logistic (Sigmoid) Fit for OD K is the maximum attainable OD r is the growth rate Minimise total least squared error of r and t 0 Recover K by linear optimisation

5. Processed OD Data

6. Update on Technico-Economic Modelling Phil Grünewald

7. Solar Hydrogen The Value of Saving Sunshine for a Rainy Day PHIL GRÜNEWALD

8. Does PEC make economic sense ? SUN HYDROGEN ECONOMICS 1.How to model a PEC device? 2.Which parameters matter? 3.What configuration is best? 4.How does PEC compare to alternatives? OBJECTIVES

9. Centralised Decentralised Infrastructure Large investment Supply demand – Catch22 Small scale build up Continues low C CHP Demonstration projects - + + + - - Infrastructure

10. The trouble with the sun Irradiation not on demand Poor temporal correlation with demand PV / solar thermal don’t displace generation capacity ? ? ? Can H 2 storage help? Irradiation Demand 24h

11. Source: storedsolar.com Solar energy can be stored as H 2 Either - by electrolysing PV Or directly -photo-electrochemically Or in - Batteries and - Thermal Storage Alternatives…

12. A residential model

13. Model Output Electrical demand (2.97 MWh) Thermal demand (12.83 MWh) Annual saving Cashflow Years k£ Displaced demand

14. Efficiency matters… 1012141618.. 1200 1400 800 600 400 200 0. 2024283236 η PV, PEC η ST Conversion efficiency [%] NPV [£] 10% PEC module: ~32 £ m -2 12% PEC module: ~41 £ m -2 (excl. storage cost)

15. Value of storage Hydrogen Storage Capacity [kWh] NPV [£] Thermal storage High marginal value for small amounts of H 2 storage H 2 displaces thermal storage for larger capacities

16. The Mix Makes the Magic! 2 2 2 2 2 2 PVPECST Energy Value [£] all 3 No gain form PV and Solar Thermal beyond 20m 2 PV highest “energy value” for small installations (Note: costs are excluded) Apr Jul Oct Jan May Jun Aug Sep Nov Dec Feb Mar 2 - 3 - 4 - 1 - 0 - Peak H 2 Storage [kWh]

17. The Mix Makes the Magic! 2 2 2 2 2 2 PVPECST Energy Value [£] all 3 Best results from combination of routes 100 m 2 H 2 storage peak: 6 MWh 20 m 2 H 2 storage peak: 6 kWh

18. 24 £ m -2

19. Conclusion Generating and storing hydrogen can only be economical from excess energy Installations need to be big or Use electrolytic H 2 from low-carbon grid electricity Best results come from a mix of electricity, heat and hydrogen generation Poly-generation configurations should be considered

20. Summary In order to “save”, large installations are required Best results with a mix of PV ST and PEC Efficiency is worth ~4 £ % -1 m -2 (*) Demand for domestic scale solar storage is small (*) given a long list of assumptions…

21. Thank you.

22. The trouble with (average) humans 24h kWh 5min -1 Data: Courtesy of Adam Hawkes 24h 30 days of one month1 day (high and low res.)

23. Temporal resolution The drawback of limited ramping and finite power rating is only revealed with high temporal resolution data! 18% 8%

24. Lamp calibration Steve Dennison

25. Lamp Calibration: 19/20 th October

27. FZ upgrading the Sartorius system: Instrumentation: update on various H 2 sensors

28. Prices: sensor only £920 Replacement tip = 600 Readout unit: MS 08 £2900 There are issues with dimensions: OD= 17mm sartorius insert ID = 19mm AMT Analysenmesstechnik H 2 sensor : detection: amperometric

29. Quantitech/ H2Scan H 2 sensor Detection: solid-state Pd-Ni based sensors sensor components : (i) metal insulator semi-conductor: detects H 2 atoms as a charge at the interface of Pd and dielectric material (ii) a thin film resistor responds to increase in H 2 uptake/ lattice Pd lattice/ incr. scattering sites for electrons H 2 concentration from 15ppm – 100% Prices: Hand held Leak detector: Model 500 £2,725 AREA MONITORS £1850 -£4995 HY-OPTIMA : In-Line Hydrogen in Air Process Monitor Models 700, 720, 730 £3450, £4,340, £4895 respectively