1. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Events in Cyc Roles and Event Predicates Actor Slots Sub-events OE Example: Events and Roles

2. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Roles in Cyc Roles are specialized predicates #$Role has two important sub-types –Actor Slots –Sub Process Slots Roles are arranged in a predicate hierarchy based on #$genlPreds

3. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Roles include many kinds of relations Reading a book: –the person reading –the book –the information in the book –the reading of a particular page A naval battle: –the groups engaged –the attack –the officers directing the battle –the ships, guns, etc. –signaling between ships

4. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? (#$performedBy #$Reading001 #$Blake) (#$informationOrigin #$Reading001 #$TheNelsonCompanion- BlakesCopy) (#$eventOccursAt #$Reading001 #$CycorpHeadquarters) (#$topicOfInfoTransfer #$Reading001 #$BattleOfTheNile)

5. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? (#$performedBy #$Reading001 #$Blake) Blake performs Reading Event 001. (#$informationOrigin #$Reading001 #$TheNelsonCompanion- BlakesCopy) The information origin of Reading Event 001 is Blake’s copy of The Nelson Companion. (#$eventOccursAt #$Reading001 #$CycorpHeadquarters) Reading Event 001 occurs at Cycorp Headquarters. (#$topicOfInfoTransfer #$Reading001 #$BattleOfTheNile) The topic of the information transferred in Reading Event 001 is the Battle of the Nile.

6. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? (#$eventOccursAt #$BattleOfTheNile #$AbuQirBay) (#$directingAgent #$BattleOfTheNile-BritishAttack #$HoratioNelson) (#$subEvents #$BattleOfTheNile #$SinkingOfLOrient)

7. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Representing roles in CycL What do you think these CycL examples mean? (#$eventOccursAt #$BattleOfTheNile #$AbuQirBay) The Battle of the Nile occurs at Abu Qir Bay. (#$directingAgent #$BattleOfTheNile-BritishAttack #$HoratioNelson) Horatio Nelson directs the British Attack in the Battle of the Nile. (#$subEvents #$BattleOfTheNile #$SinkingOfLOrient) The sinking of L’Orient is a sub-event of the Battle of the Nile.

8. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Ontologizing with roles Roles allow the formulation of generalizations such as: –Anything reading a book must be an intelligent agent. –Anything being read must be textual material. –After a reading event, the reader is familiar with the information contained in the thing read.

9. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Rules that use roles (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?READ #$Reading) (#$informationOrigin ?READ ?OBJ)) (#$isa ?OBJ #$TextualMaterial)) (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?READ #$Reading) (#$performedBy ?READ ?PERS) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?PERS #$Blind)) (#$isa ?READ #$TouchPerception))

10. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Rules that use roles (#$implies (#$isa ?BATTLE #$SeaBattle) (#$thereExists ?PLACE (#$and (#$isa ?PLACE #$BodyOfWater) (#$eventOccursAt ?BATTLE ?PLACE)))) (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?BATTLE #$SeaBattle) (#$isa ?PERSON #$Person) (#$actors ?BATTLE ?PERSON)) ( #$capableOf ?PERSON #$Swimming-Generic #$performedBy))

11. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Inferencing using roles Mt: #$EPRExamplesMt (#$isa #$NelsonPlanningTrafalgarAttack #$PlanningToDoSomething) (#$doneBy #$NelsonPlanningTrafalgarAttack #$HoratioNelson) (#$isa #$HoratioNelson #$IntelligentAgent) (#$performedBy #$NelsonPlanningTrafalgarAttack #$HoratioNelson )

12. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp #$Role has important sub-types #$ActorSlot –#$performedBy, #$objectActedOn #$SubProcessSlot –#$subEvents Other roles –#$distanceTranslated, #$objectsInContact

13. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp An Alternative Representation: Event Predicates Instead of reifying a #$MilitaryAttack event (#$thereExists ?ATTACK (#$and (#$isa ?ATTACK #$MilitaryAttack) (#$performedBy ?ATTACK #$BritishFleet) (#$maleficiary ?ATTACK #$NapoleonsEgypianFleet))) Use a variable arity action predicate –Closer to Natural Language (#$ attacksMilitary-MainEffort #$BritishFleet #$NapoleonsEgyptianFleet)

14. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp The Event Representation can be Recovered By the use of an expansion axiom: (#$expansion #$attacksMilitary-MainEffort (#$and (#$isa :ARG3 #$MilitaryAttack) (#$performedBy :ARG3 :ARG1) (#$maleficiary :ARG3 :ARG2)))) When #$attacksMilitary-MainEffort is declared to be an #$ELRelation, an atomic formula with it as predicate will be expanded into the displayed conjunction, with the first and second arguments replacing :ARG1 and :ARG2, respectively, and an optional third argument corresponding to an event of type #$MilitaryAttack.

15. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Specializations of #$EventPredicate #$ActionPredicate –A collection of predicates –Makes assertions about actions performed by agents #$looksFor, #$firesOn, #$traverses, #$loggingInOnAComputer #$movesInDirection-Agentive, #$spit #$ScriptPredicate –A collection of predicates –Makes assertions about instances of #$ScriptedEventType A complex event requiring a ‘script’ -- a temporally ordered set of subevent types #$brushesTeeth-SET, #$cutaneousAnthraxInfection-SET

16. Copyright © 2002 Cycorp Summary Roles in Cyc Roles include many kinds of relations Representing roles in CycL Ontologizing with roles Rules that use roles Inferencing using roles #$Role has important sub-types Event Predicates as an alternative to roles