1. Popular Music Charts

2. The Blues Harmony Tonic Timbre Harmonica / Mouth Organ BanjoElectric Guitar Bass Guitar Melody ImprovisationCall and Response Rhythm 4/4 time Drumkit Swing Rhythm 12 bar blues sequence DominantSub Dominant SlowTempo Voice Riffs I7I7I7I7 IV7IV7I7I7 V7IV7I7I7 Blues Notes African slave trade Songs of Hardship and sorrow Work Songs Sad mood America Note bending 3 line verse structure Repeats first line Hi-Hat rhythm Mostly Pentatonic Fills Syncopation Ostinato Walking Bass line MelismaticSyllabic

3. Reggae Music Harmony Tonic Timbre Electronic Organ BrassElectric Guitar Bass Guitar Melody Hooks Rhythm 4/4 time Drum kit Off Beat Rhythm Simple 3 chords DominantSub Dominant MediumTempo Voice Riffs Jamaica Rastafarian religion Lyrics – Political, social and religious Rude Boys Influenced by Calypso, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, Gospel, Soul, Big Band Rhythms of Africa Caribbean via Slave Trade Verse and chorus Bass Drum Fills Syncopation Saxophone Very little Harmonic change 2 nd and 4 th beat Heavy Bass line Ostinato Syllabic Melismatic

4. Musicals Harmony Tonic - I Timbre OrchestraWorld instrumentsMelody Dominant - VSub Dominant - IV Voice Broadway in America West End in Britain Influenced by current pop music, world music and the classical music tradition Verse and chorus Middle eight Rock band Major / Minor Syllabic Melismatic Structure Step movement scalic / chromatic Leap / disjunct Recitative / static / stays on the same note Cadences Interrupted Plagal Imperfect PerfectV - I I – V, ii – V, IV - V IV - I V - vi

5. Club Dance Remix Timbre Sampled SoundsSynthesizerMelodyVoice Collage Loops Ostinato Repetition Layering Vocoder Multitracking – layering one voice or instrument Syllabic Melismatic Structure Step movement scalic / chromatic Leap / disjunct Recitative / static / stays on the same note Sound production Panning – one speaker to another Echo Reverb – the way sound travels in a room e.g. a church Distortion Feedback Flange – swirling effect Chorus e.g. one voice sounds like a choir Sequencer Delay – sound dies away gradually Reversing – playing sound backwards EQ – brightness of the sound in treble and bass Midi arpeggiator – computerised broken chords extremely fast Pitch Bend Started in the early 1980s Changes balance and style of the original music Adds new sounds Takes away original elements in the track D.Jing – Mixing – Scratching Computers Muting – dampening the sound