1. 1 Chapter 13 - Dividends Returns from price change and dividends Issues: payout ratio, dividend stability considering reinvestment opportunities and shareholder preferences Payout ratio=Dividends per Share Earnings per Share Currently 35%; historically about 50%

2. 2 What to Do With The Money? Corporate cash holdings growing rapidly Choices: Reinvest in new products? Pay dividends? Make acquisitions? Do stock buybacks?

3. 3 Dividend/Retention Trade-off

4. 4 Dividends & Stock Price Major change in tax law: both dividends and long-term capital gains taxed @ 15% –Makes part of chapter irrelevant Still an issue – should company reinvest profits in itself to take on new projects providing high returns and growing stock price or pay earnings to shareholders? –Reinvestment opportunity – residual theory

5. 5 Other Approaches Residual dividend theory – “leftovers” Clientele effect Information effect; communications tool Expectations effect – revise perceptions? Empirical evidence – very mixed but may slightly favor nonpayers but recently challenged

6. 6 Dividends in Practice Usually quarterly as approved by Board of Directors Legal restrictions Liquidity position Other sources of financing Earnings predictability

7. 7 Other Dividend Matters About 75% of S&P 500 pay dividends Dividend Yield currently 1.95% Dividend Reinvestment Programs Reinvest dividends by buying same stock Dividends have been increasing but not as fast as profits and stock prices

8. 8 Alternative Policies Constant payout ratio Small regular plus year-end extra Stable amount per share – most common –Usually profits grow faster than dividends –“Wait until we’re certain” attitude Yearly dividends since 1885 – Eli Lily –GE (1894), PPG (1899), Pfizer (1901)

9. 9 Stock Dividends and Splits New shares issued on pro rata basis to current shareholders No economic consequences Accounting differences only –Split: new shares 25% over existing –Stock dividends – increase under 25% Reverse splits – reduce number of shares –Should increase price and avoid delisting

10. 10 Stock Repurchases Boosts EPS (price?); uses excess cash Buy as an “undervalued investment” –Don’t have to complete; effect on price? –Can’t go on forever Buybacks must be publicly announced –Analogy: buybacks = dating; div = marriage Bottom line: it’s capital restructuring

11. 11 Microsoft’s Biggie First annual dividend in 2003 (8¢/share); –Double to 16¢ early 2004 July 2004 announced Regular dividend doubled to 32¢ ($3.5 bil) + $3/share one-time special dividend ($32 bil) + $30 billion share buybacks over four years Driven by $56 bil cash, high profits, new tax law.