1. Microwave Teaching and Research at Northumbria University Prof. David Smith School of Computing, Engineering and Information Technology

2. Outline of Presentation How do microwaves fit in How do microwaves fit in Facilities within School Facilities within School Microwave Research Outline Microwave Research Outline Details on Microwave Holography Details on Microwave Holography Results of Microwave Holography Results of Microwave Holography

3. How do Microwaves fit in ? Undergraduate courses Undergraduate courses B. Eng. Hons. CE 1 20 Point unit final yr, B. Eng. Hons. CE 1 20 Point unit final yr, 40 Point final yr individual project 40 Point final yr individual project B. Sc Hons. MCT 1 20 Point unit final yr B. Sc Hons. MCT 1 20 Point unit final yr Post Graduate Taught Courses Post Graduate Taught Courses M. Sc Opto and Comms 1 10 Point unit M. Sc Opto and Comms 1 10 Point unit 80 Point individual project 80 Point individual project Research Students Research Students 5 Ph. D. Full Time Students 5 Ph. D. Full Time Students

4. New Facilities within School Agilent sponsored Microwave Research Laboratory Agilent sponsored Microwave Research Laboratory Agilent sponsored Microwave Teaching Laboratory Agilent sponsored Microwave Teaching Laboratory Agilent sponsored Opto and RF Research Laboratory Agilent sponsored Opto and RF Research Laboratory

5. Microwave Research / Teaching Facilities Hardware – Major Items Hardware – Major Items Vector Analysis Vector Analysis PNA to 50 GHz, PNA to 40 GHz, Old VNA PNA to 50 GHz, PNA to 40 GHz, Old VNA NSI Near Field Antenna Measurement System NSI Near Field Antenna Measurement System Spectrum Analysis, to 26.5 GHz Spectrum Analysis, to 26.5 GHz Synthesised sources, 50 GHz, 40 GHz, 20 GHz Synthesised sources, 50 GHz, 40 GHz, 20 GHz Vector Signal Generator to 6 GHz Vector Signal Generator to 6 GHz Dielectric Measurement Kit Dielectric Measurement Kit

6. Microwave Research / Teaching Facilities Software Software Concerto - Full 3D EM simulator Concerto - Full 3D EM simulator Microstripes – Full 3D EM simulator Microstripes – Full 3D EM simulator Genesys Microwave Design Software Genesys Microwave Design Software General Mathematical Software General Mathematical Software Mathcad, MATLAB Mathcad, MATLAB Labview for automatic control Labview for automatic control

7. RF / Microwave Research Personnel 4 Full Time Academic Staff ( Teaching ) 4 Full Time Academic Staff ( Teaching ) 2 Visiting Professors 2 Visiting Professors 1 Visiting Fellow 1 Visiting Fellow 2 Post Doc Researchers 2 Post Doc Researchers 5 Post Graduate Researchers 5 Post Graduate Researchers ( Full time Ph. D. students ) ( Full time Ph. D. students )

8. Areas of Research Main areas Main areas Linear Amplification using Non-Linear Components ( LINC ) Linear Amplification using Non-Linear Components ( LINC ) Microwave holography Microwave holography Other areas Other areas

9. Linear Amplification using Non- Linear Components ( LINC ) Allow high efficiency non-linear amps to be used Allow high efficiency non-linear amps to be used Divide signal into in-phase and quadrature components Divide signal into in-phase and quadrature components Amplify Amplify In-phase signals add - quadrature signals subtract In-phase signals add - quadrature signals subtract

10. Microwave Holography Similar to Optical Holography Similar to Optical Holography Only measure Intensity – inexpensive Only measure Intensity – inexpensive Called Hologram Called Hologram Have developed techniques for doing this at microwave frequencies Have developed techniques for doing this at microwave frequencies Can reconstruct Complex Field from hologram Can reconstruct Complex Field from hologram Can use this information to obtain 3D images Can use this information to obtain 3D images

11. Holography Outline Combine coherent scattered wave and reference wave Combine coherent scattered wave and reference wave Phase difference appears as change in intensity Phase difference appears as change in intensity ( Hologram ) ( Hologram ) Illuminate with original reference wave to reconstruct complex field Illuminate with original reference wave to reconstruct complex field As phase is recovered we can get 3D image As phase is recovered we can get 3D image

12. Applying Holography We have successfully applied these techniques in a number of areas We have successfully applied these techniques in a number of areas Microwave Antenna Testing Microwave Antenna Testing Security Imaging Security Imaging Medical Imaging Medical Imaging

13. Antenna Testing Change conventional near field testing using Vector Analyser Change conventional near field testing using Vector Analyser Measure Holographic Intensity Patterns Measure Holographic Intensity Patterns Don’t need Vector Analyser, just a power meter Don’t need Vector Analyser, just a power meter Can use same mathematical techniques to find far field radiation patterns Can use same mathematical techniques to find far field radiation patterns Can reconstruct aperture fields for antennas Can reconstruct aperture fields for antennas

14. Antenna Testing Holographic Near Field Testing System Holographic Near Field Testing System

15. Antenna Testing Adaptation of Conventional Near Field Testing Techniques Adaptation of Conventional Near Field Testing Techniques

16. Antenna Testing Results Parabolic dish antenna far field radiation patterns Parabolic dish antenna far field radiation patterns

17. Security Imaging Only record Intensity Only record Intensity Quick and Cheap Quick and Cheap Can reconstruct Magnitude and Phase of original scattered wave Can reconstruct Magnitude and Phase of original scattered wave Can use magnitude information to detect metallic objects Can use magnitude information to detect metallic objects Need Phase information to detect non- metallic objects Need Phase information to detect non- metallic objects Plastic explosives Plastic explosives

18. Security Imaging Holographic Images of Gun cut-out Holographic Images of Gun cut-out Left – Magnitude Right - Phase Left – Magnitude Right - Phase

19. Security Imaging Magnitude and Phase reconstructions of simulated plastic explosive Magnitude and Phase reconstructions of simulated plastic explosive MagnitudePhase

20. Medical Imaging Non-ionising imaging offers advantages over X-ray mammography Non-ionising imaging offers advantages over X-ray mammography High contrast ratio between healthy and malignant tissue High contrast ratio between healthy and malignant tissue Ability to resolve small targets Ability to resolve small targets Good penetration into tissue Good penetration into tissue No health risk No health risk

21. Medical Imaging – Experimental System

22. Medical Imaging

23. Conclusions Outlined facilities for Microwave Research Outlined facilities for Microwave Research Outlined areas of research Outlined areas of research Outlined areas of application for microwave imaging Outlined areas of application for microwave imaging Presented results for these areas Presented results for these areas Interested in developing these techniques for other areas Interested in developing these techniques for other areas

24. Thank You