1. Chapter 2 Understanding Organizational Style and Its Impact on Information Systems Systems Analysis and Design Kendall & Kendall © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall

2. 2-2 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Major Topics Organizational environment Nature of systems Context-level data flow diagram Entity-relationship diagram Levels of management Organizational culture

3. 2-3 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Organizations Organizations are composed of interrelated and interdependent subsystems. System and subsystem boundaries and environments impact on information system analysis and design.

4. 2-4 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Organizational Environment Community environment Geographical Demographics (education, income) Economic environment Market factors Competition Political environment State and local government

5. 2-5 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Sun 3- 10 (1) Open and Closed Systems Systems are described as either Open Free-flowing information. Output from one system becomes input to another. Closed with restricted access to information Limited by numerous rules. Information on a need to know basis.

6. 2-6 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Virtual Organizations A virtual organization has parts of the organization in different physical locations. Computer networks and communications technology are used to work on projects.

7. 2-7 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Virtual Organization Advantages Advantages of a virtual organization are: Reduced costs of physical facilities. More rapid response to customer needs. Flexibility for employees to care for children or aging parents.

8. 2-8 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) describes an integrated organizational information system. The software helps the flow of information between the functional areas within the organization.

9. 2-9 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Sun 20-2 Context-Level Data Flow Diagram (DFD) A context-level data flow diagram is an important tool for showing data used and information produced by a system. It provides an overview of the setting or environment the system exists within which entities supply and receive data/information.

10. 2-10 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Context-Level DFD Symbols Entity, a person, group, department, or system that supplies or receives information. It is labeled with a noun.

11. 2-11 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Context-Level DFD Symbols (Continued) Process, representing the entire system. It is given the number 0.

12. 2-12 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Context-Level DFD Symbols (Continued) Data flow, represented by an arrow. It shows information that passes to or from the process. Data flow is labeled with a noun.

13. 2-13 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Data Flow Example

14. 2-14 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Thu 24-6 Entity-Relationship Diagrams (E-R Diagrams) Entity-relationship diagrams help the analyst understand the organizational system and the data stored by the organization. Symbols are used to represent entities and relationships.

15. 2-15 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Entities There are three types of entities: Fundamental entity, describing a person, place, or thing. Associative entity, linking entities. Attributive entity, to describe attributes and repeating groups.

16. 2-16 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Fundamental Entity Describes a person, place, or thing. Symbol is a rectangle.

17. 2-17 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Associative Entity Joins two entities. Can only exist between two entities. Symbol is a diamond inside a rectangle. Also called a: Gerund. Junction. Intersection. Concatenated entity.

18. 2-18 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Attributive Entity Describes attributes and repeating groups. Symbol is an oval in a rectangle.

19. 2-19 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Figure 2.9 Three different types of entities used in E-R diagrams

20. 2-20 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Figure 2-12 A more complete E-R diagram showing data attributes of the entities

21. 2-21 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Mon 21-2 Relationships Relationships show how the entities are connected. There are three types of relationships: One to one. One to many. Many to many. Relationship lines are labeled.

22. 2-22 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Figure 2.8 Examples of different types of relationships in E-R diagrams

23. 2-23 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Tue 22-2 Relationship Notation One is indicated by a short vertical line. Many is indicated by a crows foot.

24. 2-24 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Entity Relationship Example

25. 2-25 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Attributes Data attributes may be added to the diagram.

26. 2-26 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Creating Entity-Relationship Diagrams Steps used to create E-R diagrams: List the entities in the organization. Choose key entities to narrow the scope of the problem. Identify what the primary entity should be. Confirm the results of the above through data gathering.

27. 2-27 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Levels of Management

28. 2-28 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Managerial Control The three levels of managerial control are: Operations management. Middle management. Strategic management.

29. 2-29 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Operations Management Make decisions using predetermined rules that have predictable outcomes make decisions. Oversee the operating details of the organization. dependent on internal information.

30. 2-30 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Middle Management Make short-term planning and control decisions about resources and organizational objectives. Decisions may be partly operational and partly strategic. Decisions are dependent on internal information, both historical and prediction oriented.

31. 2-31 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Strategic Management Look outward from the organization to the future. Make decisions that will guide middle and operations managers. Work in highly uncertain decision- making environment. Define the organization as a whole. Often make one-time decisions.

32. 2-32 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Thu 7-10 Managerial Levels Each of the three levels of management have: Different organization structure. Leadership style. Technological considerations. Organization culture. Human interaction. All carry implications for the analysis and design of information systems.

33. 2-33 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Tue 2-3 Organizational Culture Organizations have cultures and subcultures. Learn from verbal and nonverbal symbolism.

34. 2-34 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Verbal Symbolism Using language to convey: Myths. Metaphors. Visions. Humor.

35. 2-35 © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall Nonverbal Symbolism Shared artifacts Trophies, etc. Rites and rituals Promotions Birthdays, etc. Clothing worn Office placement and decorations