1. Database Management
An Introduction

2. Goals For Today:
Describe why databases have become so important to modern organizations
Describe what database and database management systems are and how they work.
Explain four emerging database trends:
(1) client / server computing,
(2) object-oriented databases,
(3) data mining, and
(4) integrating Web applications

3. Database Defined Database: What are some examples of Databases?
A collection of related data organized in a way that facilitates data searches.
What are some examples of Databases?

4. Example of a Student Database
Types of Data Collected in a Typical Student Database

5. Databases Before the Use of Computers
Data was stored in:
books
ledgers
card files
folders
file cabinets
or simply in people’s heads!?

6. Computers make the process of storing and managing data easier

7. The Database Approach Database Management System Entity
software application which allows you to create, store, organize, and retrieve data from a single database or many databases.
Example: MS Access
Entity
something you collect data about
Examples: people or classes

8. A Database Contains the Following:
Tables
how entities are represented in a database, where each row is a record and each column a field.
Fields
individual pieces of information
Record
collection of related fields within one entity

9. Sample Data Table (page 2-94 in your book)

10. Key Database Issues and Activities
Entering and Querying Data
Creating Database Reports
Data Structure
Data Type

11. Entering Data Data Entry:
process of getting information into a database
possible methods of data entry:
Data Entry Professional, Electronic Files, Historical Records, or Web Based (Forms)

12. Querying Data Querying: Structured Query Language (SQL):
how we get information from a database
Structured Query Language (SQL):
most common language used to interface with databases
Example:
SELECT DISTINCTROW STUDENT_ID, GRADE
FROM GRADES
WHERE GRADE = “A”
ORDER BY STUDENT_ID;

13. Querying Data continued
Query By Example (QBE)
enables you to fill out a grid, or template, in order to construct a description of the data you would like to retrieve.

15. Creating Database Reports
A compilation of data from the database that is organized and produced in a printed format.
Typically produced on paper, but also can be displayed on-screen.
Example: Quarterly Sales Report

16. Data Structure Database has two parts: Data Model: Primary Key: Data
Data Structure: how the data is organized.
Data Model:
representation of entities and their relationships to the real world
Primary Key:
a unique identifier in the database
one or more fields

17. Data Structure continued
Primary Key is Student ID

18. Data Type Data Type: Data Dictionary:
each field in the database needs to be of a certain type
Examples: text, number, dates
Data Dictionary:
a document (often published online) prepared by the database designers to aid users in data entry.

19. Data Dictionary Example:
Students Table
Primary Key Field Name Field Type Field Length
yes Student ID Number 9
no Last Name Text 20
no First Name Text 15

20. Database Management Systems Approaches
The Hierarchical Model
The Network Model
Relational Model
Normalization
Associations

21. The Hierarchical Model
Records in parent entities can have many child records, but each child can have only one parent.
Parent
Child

22. The Network Model
In this case you can have multiple children and parents
Parents
Children

23. The Relational Model
A good relational database design eliminates unnecessary data duplications and is, therefore, easier to maintain
Relationship: joining two tables on a common field
Relationship

24. Normalization
A technique used to make complex databases more efficient and easier to handle
Eliminates Redundant Data

25. Normalization continued Database w/redundant data

26. Database after Normalization

27. Three Types of Associations or Relationships
One-to-One
Each team has only one home stadium, and each home stadium has only one team
Team ID Team Name Location Stadium ID
One-to-Many
Each Player is on only one team, but each team has many players
Player ID Player Name Position Team ID
Many-to-Many
Each player participates in many games, and each game has many players
Team 1 Team 2 Date Player ID Points Minutes Fouls

28. Recent Developments Affecting Database Design and Use
Databases and Client / Server Computing
Object-Oriented Databases
Data Mining
Linking Web Site Applications to Organizational Databases

29. Databases and Client / Server Computing
Database application is divided into two parts:
Database Server
where all data is stored on a powerful machine
PC Client
the program used to manipulate the data resides on an individual user’s computer

30. Object-Oriented Databases
treat tables, queries, and other components as generic reusable OBJECTS (rather than data) that can be mixed and matched and used in many applications (e.g. MS Excel and MS Access).
Most of today’s database applications have some of these Object characteristics.

31. Data Mining
Allows companies to sort and analyze information to better understand customers, products, markets, or any other phase of their business for which data has been captured.
Example: Grocery Store Club Cards

32. Data Mining continued Data Warehouses
An integration of multiple, large databases and other information sources into a single repository or access point that is suitable for direct querying, analysis, or processing

33. Data Warehouse Examples
TELECOMMUNICATIONS REPRESENTATIVE COMPANIES
Analysis of the following: AT&T
Call volumes Ameritech
Equipment sales Belgacom
Customer profitability British Telecom
Costs Telestra AustraliaTelecom Ireland
Inventory Telecom Italia
Purchasing leverage with suppliers
Frequent buyer program management

34. Data Mining continued Data Marts
A small-scale data warehouse that contains a subset of the data for a single aspect of a company’s business
Examples: finance, inventory, or personnel

35. Linking Web Site Applications to Organizational Databases
Example:
many comapies are enabling users of their Web Site to:
view product catalogs,
check inventory, and
place orders
these are all actions that read and write to the organizations’ databases.

36. Goals For Today:
Described why databases have become so important to modern organizations
Described what database and database management systems are and how they work.
Explained four emerging database trends:
(1) client / server computing,
(2) object-oriented databases,
(3) data mining, and
(4) integrating Web applications