1. What Counts as Evidence? EA Ch. 18

2. Rhetoric Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion." Aristotle Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion." Aristotle "Rhetoric is the art, practice, and study of human communication." Andrea Lunsford "Rhetoric is the art, practice, and study of human communication." Andrea Lunsford A rhetorical situation involves understanding the context of a statement: “[the] when, where, and to whom [audience] it is made” (EA 368) A rhetorical situation involves understanding the context of a statement: “[the] when, where, and to whom [audience] it is made” (EA 368)

3. Evidence Used mainly to convince an audience, reader, or group Used mainly to convince an audience, reader, or group The type of evidence and the type of audience depends on the success of the argument The type of evidence and the type of audience depends on the success of the argument In your research paper, remember to ask yourself how your evidence will convince the audience In your research paper, remember to ask yourself how your evidence will convince the audience

4. Evidence Continued Evidence as persuasion Evidence as persuasion Consider the relevance of the evidence: is the evidence anachronistic (out of place) Consider the relevance of the evidence: is the evidence anachronistic (out of place) Consider the Academic Context and the types of evidence that’s considered scholarly and non-scholarly Consider the Academic Context and the types of evidence that’s considered scholarly and non-scholarly Use the guidelines regarding the relevance of evidence on pg. 369 to guide you Use the guidelines regarding the relevance of evidence on pg. 369 to guide you

5. Firsthand Evidence Firsthand evidence: collaboratively collecting evidence or singularly—but it involves being involved in a project without consulting an outside source. Firsthand evidence: collaboratively collecting evidence or singularly—but it involves being involved in a project without consulting an outside source.

6. Types of Firsthand Evidence Observation (& perception): Caution! One must proceed OBJECTIVELY. Observation (& perception): Caution! One must proceed OBJECTIVELY. Example: describing an elephant in 4 different ways; all of them equally valid. Example: describing an elephant in 4 different ways; all of them equally valid. Observation involves knowing what you’d like to understand and conjecturing what you think will occur. See guidelines p. 370 Observation involves knowing what you’d like to understand and conjecturing what you think will occur. See guidelines p. 370

7. Types of Firsthand Evidence Interviews: Talking to an expert enhances your research because she can point you to more sources (scholarly or other experts to speak with) b/c she’s on the ‘inside’, understands the field, and has special knowledge difficult to find elsewhere. Interviews: Talking to an expert enhances your research because she can point you to more sources (scholarly or other experts to speak with) b/c she’s on the ‘inside’, understands the field, and has special knowledge difficult to find elsewhere. She can simplify complex jargon She can simplify complex jargon Recorded interviews—written consent Recorded interviews—written consent Guidelines p. 371 Guidelines p. 371

8. Types of Firsthand Evidence Surveys and Questionnaires: questions must reflect what the researcher is trying to evaluate and analyze. Be brief and design a user friendly survey. Using a questionnaire with rankings can be very useful. Surveys and Questionnaires: questions must reflect what the researcher is trying to evaluate and analyze. Be brief and design a user friendly survey. Using a questionnaire with rankings can be very useful. Guidelines p. 373 Guidelines p. 373

9. Types of Firsthand Evidence Experiments: difficult to use as a legitimate source outside of the sciences. Experiments: difficult to use as a legitimate source outside of the sciences. Personal Experience: difficult to use as a legitimate scholarly source. This essay should challenge you to move beyond the personal to the public and political. Personal Experience: difficult to use as a legitimate scholarly source. This essay should challenge you to move beyond the personal to the public and political.

10. Secondhand Evidence Secondary sources outside of yourself— from books, articles, essays, photos, et cetera Secondary sources outside of yourself— from books, articles, essays, photos, et cetera WSL has an extensive collection of books, journals, and magazines. WSL has an extensive collection of books, journals, and magazines. A library database is not the same as a source found on the web. Ex. JSTOR A library database is not the same as a source found on the web. Ex. JSTOR

11. Secondhand Evidence Subject heading v. keyword: keyword search is more extensive/comprehensive than a subject heading search Subject heading v. keyword: keyword search is more extensive/comprehensive than a subject heading search Learn how to use different search strategies Learn how to use different search strategies Guidelines/Questions for beginning research pgs. 377-8, QA pgs. 154-157 Guidelines/Questions for beginning research pgs. 377-8, QA pgs. 154-157 Learn the [WSL] Library- http://www.lib.csub.edu/infocomp/infoco mp.html Learn the [WSL] Library- http://www.lib.csub.edu/infocomp/infoco mp.html

12. Secondhand Evidence & Research Online Sources: the Internet is extensive and oftentimes unreliable for scholarly sources Online Sources: the Internet is extensive and oftentimes unreliable for scholarly sources

13. Suggested “Reputable” Search Engines Megallan.com-sites have been evaluated Megallan.com-sites have been evaluated Google scholar/scholar.google.com-limits the search to academic articles and books Google scholar/scholar.google.com-limits the search to academic articles and books Librarian’s Index/www.lii.org- evaluates websites Librarian’s Index/www.lii.org- evaluates websites Internet Public Library/www.ipl.org-first of its kind, started by University of Michigan Internet Public Library/www.ipl.org-first of its kind, started by University of Michigan

14. Suggested “Reputable” Search Engines Infomine.ucr.edu-scholarly internet source from UC Riverside Infomine.ucr.edu-scholarly internet source from UC Riverside

15. Using Evidence Effectively Audience: establish your credibility by creating a solid argument, substantiated by scholarly sources. DO NOT LIMIT your audience to the professor; expand it to include your peers Audience: establish your credibility by creating a solid argument, substantiated by scholarly sources. DO NOT LIMIT your audience to the professor; expand it to include your peers Consider their knowledge—your paper shouldn’t be written to a five year old, their interests, find evidence that relates to their concerns but also your topic. Consider their knowledge—your paper shouldn’t be written to a five year old, their interests, find evidence that relates to their concerns but also your topic. Organization: Great research papers take time and depend on evidence. If you can’t find sources, then you need to revise/change the topic. Organization: Great research papers take time and depend on evidence. If you can’t find sources, then you need to revise/change the topic.

16. Using Evidence Effectively Organization: Organization: Keep ALL of your articles in your research binder as well as your notes Keep ALL of your articles in your research binder as well as your notes Start drafting an outline and place your ‘strong’ evidence at the beginning/end of paragraphs Start drafting an outline and place your ‘strong’ evidence at the beginning/end of paragraphs Begin ‘cutting and pasting’ your sources to a paper Begin ‘cutting and pasting’ your sources to a paper Do not expect your research to MAKE the argument for you Do not expect your research to MAKE the argument for you REVISE, REVISE, REVISE! REVISE, REVISE, REVISE!