1. Budget Set and Constraint for Two Commodities x2x2 x1x1 Budget constraint is p 1 x 1 + p 2 x 2 = m. m /p 2 m /p 1

2. Budget Set and Constraint for Two Commodities x2x2 x1x1 Budget constraint is p 1 x 1 + p 2 x 2 = m. m /p 1 Budget Set the collection of all affordable bundles. m /p 2

3. Budget Constraints x2x2 x1x1 +1 -p 1 /p 2 Opp. cost of an extra unit of commodity 1 is p 1 /p 2 units foregone of commodity 2.

4. Budget Sets & Constraints; Income and Price Changes u The budget constraint and budget set depend upon prices and income. What happens as prices or income change?

5. How do the budget set and budget constraint change as income m increases? Original budget set x2x2 x1x1

6. Higher income gives more choice Original budget set New affordable consumption choices x2x2 x1x1 Original and new budget constraints are parallel (same slope).

7. Budget Constraints - Income Changes u Changes in income (holding prices constant) m shift the constraint in a parallel manner.

8. Budget Constraints - Price Changes u What happens if just one price decreases? u Suppose p 1 decreases.

9. How do the budget set and budget constraint change as p 1 decreases from p 1 ’ to p 1 ”? Original budget set x2x2 x1x1 m/p 2 m/p 1 ’ m/p 1 ” New affordable choices -p 1 ’/p 2

10. Budget Constraints - Price Changes u Reducing the price of one commodity pivots the constraint outward. No old choice is lost and new choices are added, so reducing one price cannot make the consumer worse off.

11. Budget Constraints - Price Changes u Similarly, increasing one price pivots the constraint inwards, reduces choice and may (typically will) make the consumer worse off.

12. The Food Stamp Program u Food stamps are coupons that can be legally exchanged only for food. u How does a commodity-specific gift such as a food stamp alter a family’s budget constraint?

13. The Food Stamp Program u Suppose m = $100, p F = $1 and the price of “other goods” is p G = $1. u The budget constraint is then F + G =100.

14. The Food Stamp Program G F 100 F + G = 100: before stamps.

15. The Food Stamp Program G F 100 F + G = 100: before stamps. Budget set after 40 food stamps issued. 140 The family’s budget set is enlarged. 40

16. The Food Stamp Program u What if food stamps can be traded on a black market for $0.50 each?

17. The Food Stamp Program G F 100 F + G = 100: before stamps. Budget constraint after 40 food stamps issued. 140 120 Budget constraint with black market trading. 40

18. The Food Stamp Program G F 100 F + G = 100: before stamps. Budget constraint after 40 food stamps issued. 140 120 Black market trading makes the budget set larger again. 40

19. Budget Constraints - Relative Prices u “Numeraire” means “unit of account”. u If prices and income are measured in cents, then p 1 =200, p 2 =300, m=1200 and the constraint is 200x 1 + 300x 2 = 1200, the same as 2x 1 + 3x 2 = 12.

20. Budget Constraints - Relative Prices u Changing the numeraire changes neither the budget constraint nor the budget set. u Any commodity can be chosen as the numeraire without changing the budget set or the budget constraint.