1. protein RNA DNA Predicting Protein Function

2. Biochemical function (molecular function) What does it do? Kinase??? Ligase??? Page 245

3. Function based on ligand binding specificity What (who) does it bind ?? Page 245

4. Function based on biological process What is it good for ?? Amino acid metabolism? Page 245

5. Function based on cellular location DNARNA Page 245 Where is it active?? Nucleolus ?? Cytoplasm??

6. Function based on cellular location DNARNA Page 245 Where is the RNA/Protein Expressed ?? Brain? Testis? Where it is under expressed??

7. GO (gene ontology) http://www.geneontology.org/ The GO project is aimed to develop three structured, controlled vocabularies (ontologies) that describe gene products in terms of their associated molecular functions (F) biological processes (P) cellular components (C) Ontology is a description of the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents

8. Inferring protein function Bioinformatics approach Based on homology Based on functional characteristics “protein signature”

9. Homologous proteins  Rule of thumb: Proteins are homologous if 25% identical (length >100)

10. Proteins with a common evolutionary origin Paralogs - Proteins encoded within a given species that arose from one or more gene duplication events. Orthologs - Proteins from different species that evolved by speciation. Hemoglobin human vs Hemoglobin mouse Hemoglobin human vs Myoglobin human Homologous proteins

11. COGs Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins > Each COG consists of individual orthologous proteins or orthologous sets of paralogs. > Orthologs typically have the same function, allowing transfer of functional information from one member to an entire COG. DATABASE Refence: Classification of conserved genes according to their homologous relationships. (Koonin et al., NAR)

12. Inferring protein function based on the protein signature

13. The Protein Signature Motif (or fingerprint): a short, conserved region of a protein typically 10 to 20 contiguous amino acid residues Domain: A region of a protein that can adopt a 3 dimensional structure

14. 1 50 ecblc MRLLPLVAAA TAAFLVVACS SPTPPRGVTV VNNFDAKRYL GTWYEIARFD vc MRAIFLILCS V...LLNGCL G..MPESVKP VSDFELNNYL GKWYEVARLD hsrbp ~~~MKWVWAL LLLAAWAAAE RDCRVSSFRV KENFDKARFS GTWYAMAKKD GTWYEI K AV M GXW[YF][EA][IVLM] Protein Motifs Protein motifs can be represented as a consensus or a profile

15. Searching for Protein Motifs - ProSite a database of protein patterns that can be searched by either regular expression patterns or sequence profiles. - PHI BLAST Searching a specific protein sequence pattern with local alignments surrounding the match. -MEME searching for a common motifs in unaligned sequences

16. Protein Domains Domains can be considered as building blocks of proteins. Some domains can be found in many proteins with different functions, while others are only found in proteins with a certain function.

17. DNA Binding domain Zinc-Finger

18. Varieties of protein domains Page 228 Extending along the length of a protein Occupying a subset of a protein sequence Occurring one or more times

19. Example of a protein with 2 domains: Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) MBDTRD The protein includes a Methylated DNA Binding Domain (MBD) and a Transcriptional Repression Domain (TRD). MeCP2 is a transcriptional repressor.

20. Result of an MeCP2 blastp search: A methyl-binding domain shared by several proteins

21. Are proteins that share only a domain homologous?

22. Pfam > Database that contains a large collection of multiple sequence alignments of protein domains Based on Profile hidden Markov Models (HMMs).

23. Profile HMM (Hidden Markov Model) D16D17D18 D19 M16M17M18M19 I16I19I18I17 100% D 0.8 S 0.2 P 0.4 R 0.6 T 1.0 R 0.4 S 0.6 XXXX 50% D R T R D R T S S - - S S P T R D R T R D P T S D - - S D - - R 16 17 18 19 HMM is a probabilistic model of the MSA consisting of a number of interconnected states Match delete insert

24. Pfam > Database that contains a large collection of multiple sequence alignments of protein domains Based on Profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). > The Pfam database is based on two distinct classes of alignments – Seed alignments which are deemed to be accurate and used to produce Pfam A -Alignments derived by automatic clustering of SwissProt, which are less reliable and give rise to Pfam B

25. Physical properties of proteins

26. DNA binding domains have relatively high frequency of basic (positive) amino acids M K D P A A L K R A R N T E A A R R S S R A R K L Q R M GCN4 zif268 M E R P Y A C P V E S C D R R F S R S D E L T R H I R I H T myoD S K V N E A F E T L K R C T S S N P N Q R L P K V E I L R N A I R

27. Transmembrane proteins have a unique hydrophobicity pattern

28. Physical properties of proteins Many websites are available for the analysis of individual proteins for example: EXPASY (ExPASy)ExPASy UCSC Proteome BrowserBrowser ProtoNet HUJIHUJI The accuracy of the analysis programs are variable. Predictions based on primary amino acid sequence (such as molecular weight prediction) are likely to be more trustworthy. For many other properties (such as Phosphorylation sites), experimental evidence may be required rather than prediction algorithms. Page 236

29. Knowledge Based Approach IDEA Find the common properties of a protein family (or any group of proteins of interest) which are unique to the group and different from all the other proteins. Generate a model for the group and predict new members of the family which have similar properties.

30. Knowledge Based Approach Generate a dataset of proteins with a common function (DNA binding protein) Generate a control dataset Calculate the different properties which are characteristic of the protein family you are interested for all the proteins in the data (DNA binding proteins and the non-DNA binding proteins Represent each protein in a set by a vector of calculated features and build a statistical model to split the groups Basic Steps 1. Building a Model

31. Calculate the properties for a new protein And represent them in a vector Predict whether the tested protein belongs to the family Basic Steps 2. Predicting the function of a new protein

32. TEST CASE Y14 – A protein sequence translated from an ORF (Open Reading Frame) Obtained from the Drosophila complete Genome >Y14 PQRSVGWILFVTSIHEEAQEDEIQEKFCDYGEIKNIHL NLDRRTGFSKGYALVEYETHKQALAAKEALNGAEIM GQTIQVDWCFVKG G

38. >Y14 PQRSVGWILFVTSIHEEAQEDEIQEKFCDYGEIKNI HLNLDRRTGFSKGYALVEYETHKQALAAKEALN GAEIMGQTIQVDWCFVKG G Y14 DOES NOT BIND RNA

39. Database and Tools for protein families and domains InterPro - Integrated Resources of Proteins Domains and Functional SitesInterPro Prosite – A dadabase of protein families and domain BLOCKS - BLOCKS dbBLOCKS Pfam - Protein families db (HMM derived)Pfam PRINTS - Protein Motif fingerprint dbPRINTS ProDom - Protein domain db (Automatically generated)ProDom PROTOMAP - An automatic hierarchical classification of Swiss-Prot proteinsPROTOMAP SBASE - SBASE domain dbSBASE SMART - Simple Modular Architecture Research ToolSMART TIGRFAMs - TIGR protein families dbTIGRFAMs