1. Slide 1 CHAPTER 4: ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW AND MATTER CYCLING Also some carry over from chapter 3 is in this chapter

2. Slide 2 Ecology The scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment Examines the life histories, distribution, and behavior of individual species, as well as the structure and function of natural systems at the level of populations, communities, ecosystems, and landscapes Encourages us to think holistically about interconnections that make whole systems more than just the sum of their individual parts Examines how and why materials cycle between the living and nonliving parts of our environment

3. Slide 3 Periodic Table of the Elements

4. Slide 4 Chemical Bonding Ionic Bond - Formed when one atom gives up an electron to another atom. Covalent Bond - Formed when two or more atoms share electrons. –Energy is needed to break chemical bonds. –Energy is released when bonds are formed.

5. Slide 5 Fig. 2.4

6. Slide 6 Protein construction Nucleus (information storage ) Energy conversion Cell membrane (transport of raw materials and finished products) Packaging (a) Eukaryotic Cell Figure 4-3 (1) Page 67 DNA (information storage, no nucleus) Cell wall & membrane (transport of raw materials) Protein construction and energy conversion occur without specialized internal structures (b) Prokaryotic Cell

7. Slide 7 Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life Microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, are composed of single cells. The human body contains several trillion cells of about two hundred distinct types. Enzymes – catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living systems Metabolism - all the energy and matter exchanges that occur within a living cell or organism

8. Slide 8 Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds Most material substances can exist in three interchangeable states: solid, liquid, or gas. Element - substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions. Just four elements - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - make up over 96% of the mass of most organisms. Atom - the smallest particle that exhibits the characteristics of an element Molecule - a combination of two or more atoms Compound - a molecule made up of two or more kinds of atoms held together by chemical bonds

9. Slide 9 Acids and Bases Acids are compounds that readily release hydrogen ions (H + ) in water. Bases are substances that readily take up hydrogen ions (H + ) and release hydroxide ions (OH - ) in solution. Strength measured by concentration of H +. –pH scale 0-14

10. Slide 10 Fig. 2.5

11. Slide 11 Animation Click to view animation. Levels of organization interaction.

12. Slide 12 MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS FROM INDIVIDUAL UP Organism Species is group of organisms that interbreeds and produces fertile offspring. Population is a group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Community is the populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time. Ecosystem is a community of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up its nonliving environment.

13. Slide 13 Solar radiation Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34%) UV radiation Absorbed by ozone Absorbed by the earth Visible light Lower stratosphere (ozone layer) Troposphere Heat Greenhouse effect Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) Earth Heat radiated by the earth Figure 4-8 Page 69

14. Slide 14 15,000 ft 10,000 ft 5,000 ft Coastal mountain ranges Sierra Nevada Mountains Great American Desert Rocky Mountains Great Plains Mississippi River Valley Appalachian Mountains Coastal chaparral and scrub Desert Coniferous forest Coniferous forest Prairie grassland Deciduous forest Average annual precipitation 100-125 cm (40-50 in.) 75-100 cm (30-40 in.) 50-75 cm (20-30 in.) 25-50 cm (10-20 in.) Below 25 cm (0-10 in.) Figure 4-9 Page 70

15. Slide 15 Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Life Zones Sunlight Temperature Precipitation Wind Latitude (distance from equator) Altitude (distance above sea level) Fire frequency Soil Light penetration Water currents Dissolved nutrient concentrations (especially N and P) Suspended solids Salinity Figure 4-12 Page 72

16. Slide 16 Sun Producers (rooted plants) Producers (phytoplankton) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Secondary consumers (fish) Dissolved chemicals Tertiary consumers (turtles) Sediment Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Figure 4-10 Page 71

17. Slide 17 Sun Producer Precipitation Falling leaves and twigs Producers Primary consumer (rabbit) Secondary consumer (fox) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Water Soil decomposers Soluble mineral nutrients Figure 4-11 Page 71

18. Slide 18 Heat First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Solar energy Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Heat Figure 4-17 Page 76

19. Slide 19 Mushroom Wood reduced to powder Long-horned beetle holes Bark beetle engraving Carpenter ant galleries Termite and carpenter ant work Dry rot fungus Detritus feedersDecomposers Time progression Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil Figure 4-15 Page 75

20. Slide 20 Heat 10 100 1,000 10,000 Usable energy available at each tropic level (in kilocalories) Producers (phytoplankton) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Secondary consumers (perch) Tertiary consumers (human) Decomposers Figure 4-19 Page 78

21. Slide 21 Human Blue whaleSperm whale Crabeater seal Killer whale Elephant seal Leopard seal Adélie penguins Petrel Fish Squid Carnivorous plankton Krill Phytoplankton Herbivorous zooplankton Emperor penguin Figure 4-18 Page 77

22. Slide 22 Part 4: Community Properties Productivity depends on light levels, temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability. Primary productivity - a community’s rate of biomass production, or the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy stored in living (or once-living organisms) Net primary productivity - primary productivity minus the energy lost in respiration

23. Slide 23 Figure 4-21 Page 79

24. Slide 24 Relative biomass accumulation of major world ecosystems.

25. Slide 25 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE Structure can be thought of as: Physical – for example the diameter of trees, canopy cover and layers of vegetation or tree partitioning by various animal species such as finches. Spatial patterns – populations dispersed randomly, clumped or uniformly. Biodiversity Abundance - the number of individuals of a species in an area Richness - the number of different species in an area shich is a useful measure of the variety of ecological niches or genetic variation in a community. It decreases as we go from the equator towards the poles Genetic – gene frequency; number of alleles, etc. Habitat changes – frequency of habitat changes through a fixed distance Trophic level complexity – number of food chains (webs) in a system Number and types of services provided by natural capital – for example water purification Productivity

26. Slide 26 Biosphere Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Oxygen cycle Heat in the environment Heat Figure 4-7 Page 69

27. Slide 27 Precipitation to ocean Evaporation From ocean Surface runoff (rapid) Ocean storage Condensation Transpiration Rain clouds Infiltration and percolation Transpiration from plants Groundwater movement (slow) Runoff Surface runoff (rapid) Precipitation Figure 4-23 Page 81

28. Slide 28 Click to view animation. Carbon cycle animation. Animation

29. Slide 29 diffusion between atmosphere and ocean Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water Marine food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels combustion of fossil fuels incorporation into sediments death, sedimentation uplifting over geologic time sedimentation photosynthesisaerobic respiration Figure 4-24 (1) Page 82

30. Slide 30 photosynthesisaerobic respiration Terrestrial rocks Soil water (dissolved carbon) Land food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores Atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide) Peat, fossil fuels combustion of wood (for clearing land; or for fuel sedimentation volcanic action death, burial, compaction over geologic time leaching runoff weathering Figure 4-24 (2) Page 83

31. Slide 31 Figure 4-25 Page 84 NO 3 – in soil Nitrogen Fixation by industry for agriculture Fertilizers Food Webs On Land NH 3, NH 4 + in soil 1. Nitrification bacteria convert NH 4 + to nitrate (NO 2 – ) loss by leaching uptake by autotrophs excretion, death, decomposition uptake by autotrophs Nitrogen Fixation bacteria convert to ammonia (NH 3 + ) ; this dissolves to form ammonium (NH 4 + ) loss by leaching Ammonification bacteria, fungi convert the residues to NH 3, this dissolves to form NH 4 + 2. Nitrification bacteria convert NO 2 - to nitrate (NO 3 - ) Denitrification by bacteria Nitrogenous Wastes, Remains In Soil Gaseous Nitrogen (N 2 ) In Atmosphere NO 2 – in soil © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

32. Slide 32 Click to view animation. The nigtrogen cycle animation. Animation

33. Slide 33 The nodules on the roots of this plant contain bacteria that help convert nitrogen in the soil to a form the plant can utilize. Nitrogen Fixation

34. Slide 34 GUANO FERTILIZER ROCKS LAND FOOD WEBS DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER MARINE FOOD WEBS MARINE SEDIMENTS weathering agriculture uptake by autotrophs death, decomposition sedimentation settling out weathering DISSOLVED IN SOIL WATER, LAKES, RIVERS uptake by autotrophs death, decomposition uplifting over geolgic time mining excretion Figure 4-26 Page 86

35. Slide 35 Click to view animation. Animation Phosphorus cycle interaction.

36. Slide 36 Click to view animation. Animation Sulfur cycle animation.

37. Slide 37 Sulfur trioxide Water Sulfuric acid Ammonia Acidic fog and precipitation Sulfur dioxide Oxygen Hydrogen sulfide Plants Animals Dimethyl sulfide Ammonium sulfate Ocean Metallic sulfide deposits Decaying matter Volcano Industries Sulfate salts Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur Figure 4-27 Page 87

38. Slide 38 Critical nesting site locations USDA Forest Service Topography Habitat type Real world Private owner 1 USDA Forest Service Private owner 2 Forest Wetland Grassland Lake Figure 4-28 Page 88

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