1. Meats, Feeds & Grains Abigail Cooke

2. Overview Meat consumption is growing worldwide –Pork and chicken consumption increasing worldwide –Beef consumption declining in developed countries, but increasing in developing countries Feed and Subsistence Crops compete for land and for consumption calories Beef, rice, and cassava illustrate important trade, development and environment linkages

3. Beef Production Source: Clay (2004) ProcessOutcome Production intensifying Individual cow/calf farms Feedlots Slaughter houses process meat (semimechanized) Favors large-scale production at all stages Very large ranches, squeezing out small farmers Uniformity, fast growth, lowering stock quality Slaughter houses and meatpacking consolidated, squeezing out local butchers

4. International Beef Trade 23% of world production is exported and trade is growing Major Exporters Boneless: Australia, US, New Zealand, Ireland Canada Bone In: Germany, France, US, Netherlands, Ukraine US is a major producer and exporter, but is a net importer Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)

5. Environmental Consequences Increasing pastures on marginal lands leads to deforestation, desertification and biodiversity loss Rapid expansion of feedlot production –Increases consumption of cereal harvest (33% of cereals consumed by animals) –Increases air and water pollution in surrounding areas –Increases risk of disease outbreaks in herds and humans Concentration of processing (slaughter, meatpacking and tanning) –Large amounts of organic waste –Chemical waste Source: Clay (2004)

6. Rice Production About 11% of the world’s cultivated land grows rice Major Producers –India (44.8 million hectares), China (30.3 million hectares), Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand Green revolution technologies greatly increased productivity of irrigated paddies in the 1970s –55% of the world’s production area is irrigated, but this produces 75% of the world’s rice Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)

7. Rice Consumption Over 90% of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia 50% of the total calories consumed in Asia come from rice; 25% of total calories in the world come from rice Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)

8. International Rice Trade Small compared to local consumption –4% of world production is exported Largest Exporters –Thailand, Vietnam, China, USA, Pakistan, India Market dominated by large mills and international companies –Vertical integration –Oriented for urban consumption and export markets Overall export amount increased, but value decreased 1961-2000 Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)

9. Environmental Impacts of Rice Highest negative impact associated with Green Revolution production –Salinization, pesticide and herbicide overuse, lowering biodiversity and increasing crop vulnerability Extensification and conversion of land for rice paddies limits future land use (likely to grow with increasing population size) Large knowledge base indicates existence of environmentally friendly, cost effective, small farmer-friendly production processes Source: Clay (2004)

10. Cassava Important source of calories for many people in the developing world “Miracle crop” –Drought- and pest-resistant and poor-soil tolerant Negative effects –Potential to degradation soil through erosion –Can cause thyroid problems –Producers: Nigeria, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, Dem. Republic of Congo 9% of world production is exported Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)

11. Cassava -Thailand and the EC Thailand’s Share of World Cassava Exports 1973- 1975 82% 1983- 1985 93% 1993- 1995 81% 199575% 199679% 199783% 199880% EC's share of world cassava imports 1973- 75 1983- 85 1993- 95 1995199619971998 88%77%70%63%60%56%59%

12. Papers Damaged Environments and Lives: The Bitter Harvest of Rice Policies in The Gambia Judith Carney, UCLA Feeding Europe, Deforesting Thailand Sara Curran and Abigail Cooke, Princeton University Globalization of Unsustainable Food- Consumption: Trade Policies, Producer Lobbies and Beef Consumption in North East Asia Sjur Kasa, University of Oslo Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)

13. Sources Jason Clay. World Agriculture and the Environment. Washington: Island Press 2004. FAOStat Data, 2004.

14. World Meat Consumption Source: FAO (2005)

15. Beef Consumption World consumption is rising Developed nations stable or declining [dates] Developing nations driving world increases –Population growth, urbanization, lower real prices, income growth Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)

16. Social Considerations Health considerations –Heart disease and cancer –Antibiotic resistant bacteria for humans too –Growth hormones –Disease outbreaks Source: Clay (2004)

17. Social Considerations of Rice External trade conditions and local politics work to keep rice prices very low –Large multinational trading companies can operate on small margins and still make large profits –Local states and urban centers in developing countries structure markets to depress rice prices Consequently, small rice farmers face adverse economic situations in good and bad economic times Environmentally friendly practices would help small farmers survive Source: Clay (2004)