1. EPH7112 Research Methodology

2. CONTENTS  Planning for Results  Generating Data/Results  Reporting Results - Presenting Results - Analyzing Results  Organizing Results

3. PLANNING FOR RESULTS  Requires Micro-Level Planning : K- Chart  Results Layer Results: Performance Parameters Pressure Speed Design Parameters Acceleration Tire WidthTire Height Fuel consumption Tire Pressure Tire Width Method 1

4. GENERATING DATA/RESULTS  Again, use Micro-level planning: K-Chart  Methodology Layers Simulation Experiment TheorySurvey Lab. Tests Field Tests Lab Prototype Eng. Prototype Commercial Prototype Measurement Techn.1 Measurement Techn.2 Measurement Techn.3

5. TYPES OF DATA  Discrete  Continuous

6. DISCRETE DATA  Data which can take only discrete values:Yes or No, Frequency of occurrences, Likert scale  Typically questionnaire based data  Familiar in social sciences  Typical analysis:  Cross-tabulations  Non-parametric tests

7. CONTINUOUS DATA  Data which can take any values  Typically measured parameters such as temperature, pressure, weight, height, frequency spectrum  Familiar in sciences and engineering fields  Types of analysis: - Descriptive analysis - Relationship analysis - Comparative analysis - Optimization analysis

8. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS  Statistics of the data  Typical parameters: - Max,Min - Mean - Standard deviation, Variance  Mean is mostly used for science and engineering  Although seldomly performed, it’s important to know your data distribution

9. RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS  Also known as Cause and Effect analysis  Normally presented in the form of a graph of Y versus X  Y is Effect or Performance Parameter (PP), X is Cause or Design Parameter (DP)  Analyze the Trend and Reason

10. SAMPLE RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS YXY X Y X Y X

11. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Y X P1 P2 P3 Y versus X at various P P is the different environments/setups Be careful when P is another DP

12. OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS  Important to identify the optimal conditions  Cases when: 1. One DP affecting two PPs in contrasting manner 2. One PP is affected by two DPs in contrasting manner

13. OPTIMIZATION CURVES 1 Identify the operation range of the PPs Important to determine the optimum operating point as well as the operating range of the DP Laser Power,P Laser Stability,S Laser Current,I Pmin Smin Operating range Imin Imax

14. OPTIMIZATION CURVES 2 It is easier to use the DPs in the same units Can also have two different units DPs are mutually independent Used to determine ways to offset each other’s effects Inflation Rate Increment of wages of public servants Goods Productivity Increment of wages from the existing Required increment of productivity to compensate the inflation rise due to new higher wages Inflation rise Inflation compensated

15. REPORTING RESULTS: Results Report Template 1. Title of project, 2. Title of result 3. Graph presentation, 4. Setup parameters, 5. Method of measurement, 6. Analysis of Trend, 7. Analysis of Reason, 8. Comparative Analysis (critical review) 9. Statement of Achievement of Objective

16. SAMPLE RESULT REPORT 1. Title of Project : Analysis of Impairment Factors in Fiber Optic Transmission 2. Result Title : Q factor vs PTx 3. Index: R3: PP2-DP1 4. Graph 5. System setup parameter Transmission rate = 2.5G, Dispersion = 16.75 ps/nm.km, Attenuation coefficient = 0.2dB/km, Fibre length = 50km 6. Method of measurement Simulation- Optisys V.4. Taken after the receiver in electrical domain. Q is calculated value based on eye pattern

17. RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE) 7. Analysis of Trend The reduction of launching power to -7dBm would give an almost similar effect onto Q factor as the attenuation coefficient of 0.34dB/km. Q factor reduces exponentially with launching power reduction. Can be represented by the exponential equations during 3 stages: Stage 1 :0 to -3.0dBm : y = 33.19e-0.21x, Stage 2: -3.0 to -6.0dBm : y = 17.562e-0.23x, Stage 3 : -6.0 to -9.0dBm : y = 8.863e-0.23x Q factor decreases with the steepest curve line for the reduction of launching power from 0 to 3.0dBm. At -7dBm launching power, the Q factor obtained from the simulation result is 5.67864. 8. Analysis of Reason/Discussion As power reduces, the difference between signal and noise becomes smaller, thus closing the eye, therefore lower Q. At very low power, signal-independent noise becomes dominant thus the constant Q value (exponential curve). For higher data transmission rate, higher launching power would be required but need to watch out for the non linear effect due to higher power. For low data transmission rate, we can use a lower power laser for cost effective solution. 9. Comparative analysis Nothing new 10. Achievement of Objective Objective 1 to analyze the impairment factor in fiber optic transmission

18. RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE)  May combine multiple curves on the same graph if the curves have the same PP and DP  The multiple curves should represent different scenarios/methods  Combined graphs are good for comparative analysis, but can lead to confusion

19. RESULTS ORGANIZATION TABLE CODE NUMBERRESULT TITLE R1: PP1-DP1The effect of fiber distance on BER R2: PP1-DP2Optimization of the effects of Launch Power on SBS and BER R3: PP2-DP1The effect of fiber distance on SBS threshold RN: PPY-DPX

20. PLANNING FOR PAPER WRITING  Each individual result or their combinations may be used for paper writing  Results with novelties can be targeted for high quality journals  The number of publication can be maximized

21. PLANNING FOR THESIS WRITING  Thesis chapters for results can be easily planned  Multiple results chapters can be generated based on the results groupings  Groupings can be based on PPs, or Methods or Sub-Systems

22. CONCLUSION  Results are the most important part of Research  Engineering and sciences are normally dealing with Continuous data  Four main analyses: Descriptive, Relationship, Comparative, Optimization  Very important to organize results for various purposes