1. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Programming III

2. Lecture Objectives Exploring more GUI programming elements in Java Using labels in GUIs Using colors to color GUI backgrounds Using Panels and Containers Using menu bars, menus and menu items Using TextFields and TextAreas Designing a swing calculator

3. Pitfall: Forgetting to Program the Close-Window Button Adding the following lines to a constructor of a Frame or JFrame class will ensure that when the user clicks the close-window button, nothing happens firstWindow.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE); If this were not set, the default action would be JFrame.HIDE_ON_CLOSE  This would make the window invisible and inaccessible, but would not end the program.  Therefore, given this scenario, there would be no way to click the "Click to end program" button. Note that the close-window and other two accompanying buttons are part of the JFrame object, and not separate buttons

4. Tip: Ending a Swing Program GUI programs are often based on a kind of infinite loop  The windowing system normally stays on the screen until the user indicates that it should go away. If the user never asks the windowing system to go away, it will never go away. In order to end a GUI program, System.exit must be used when the user asks to end the program.  It must be explicitly invoked, or included in some library code that is executed.  Otherwise, a Swing program will not end after it has executed all the code in the program

5. Labels A label is an object of the class JLabel  Text can be added to a JFrame using a label  The text for the label is given as an argument when the JLabel is created  The label can then be added to a JFrame JLabel greeting = new JLabel("Hello"); add(greeting);

6. Color In Java, a color is an object of the class Color  The class Color is found in the java.awt package  There are constants in the Color class that represent a number of basic colors. A JFrame can not be colored directly  Instead, a program must color something called the content pane of the Jframe  Since the content pane is the "inside" of a JFrame, coloring the content pane has the effect of coloring the inside of the JFrame  Therefore, the background color of a JFrame can be set using the following code: getContentPane().setBackground(Color);

7. The Color Constants

8. A JFrame with Color

9. A JFrame with Color (Cont’d)

10. Panels A GUI is often organized in a hierarchical fashion, with containers called panels inside other containers. A panel is an object of the JPanel class that serves as a simple container.  It is used to group smaller objects into a larger component (the panel).  One of the main functions of a JPanel object is to subdivide a JFrame or other container

11. Both a JFrame and each panel in a JFrame can use different layout managers.  Additional panels can be added to each panel, and each panel can have its own layout manager.  This enables almost any kind of overall layout to be used in a GUI. setLayout(new BorderLayout()); JPanel somePanel = new JPanel(); somePanel.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); Note in the following example that panel and button objects are given color using the setBackground method without invoking getContentPane.  The getContentPane method is only used when adding color to a JFrame Panels (Cont’d)

12. Using Panels: An Example

13. Using Panels: An Example (Cont’d)

15. Resulting GUI: After clicking the Red buttonResulting GUI: Start view Resulting GUI: After clicking the White buttonResulting GUI: After clicking the Blue button

16. The Container Class Any class that is a descendent class of the class Container is considered to be a container class  The Container class is found in the java.awt package, not in the Swing library Any object that belongs to a class derived from the Container class (or its descendents) can have components added to it. The classes JFrame and JPanel are descendent classes of the class Container  Therefore they and any of their descendents can serve as a container

17. The JComponent Class Any descendent class of the class JComponent is called a component class  Any JComponent object or component can be added to any container class object.  Because it is derived from the class Container, a JComponent can also be added to another JComponent

18. Tip of the Day: Code a GUI's Look and Actions Separately!!! The task of designing a Swing GUI can be divided into two main subtasks: 1.Designing and coding the appearance of the GUI on the screen. 2.Designing and coding the actions performed in response to user actions. In particular, it is useful to implement the actionPerformed method as a stub, until the GUI looks the way it should public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {} This philosophy is at the heart of the technique used by the Model-View-Controller pattern

19. The Model-View-Controller Pattern

20. Menu Bars, Menus, and Menu Items A menu is an object of the class JMenu A choice on a menu is called a menu item, and is an object of the class JMenuItem  A menu can contain any number of menu items  A menu item is identified by the string that labels it, and is displayed in the order to which it was added to the menu The add method is used to add a menu item to a menu in the same way that a component is added to a container object

21. The following creates a new menu, and then adds a menu item to it: JMenu diner = new JMenu("Daily Specials"); JMenuItem lunch = new JMenuItem("Lunch Specials"); lunch.addActionListener(this); diner.add(lunch);  Note that the this parameter has been registered as an action listener for the menu item. Menu Bars, Menus, and Menu Items (Cont’d)

22. Nested Menus The class JMenu is a descendent of the JMenuItem class.  Every JMenu can be a menu item in another menu.  Therefore, menus can be nested. Menus can be added to other menus in the same way as menu items.

23. Menu Bars and JFrame A menu bar is a container for menus, typically placed near the top of a windowing interface The add method is used to add a menu to a menu bar in the same way that menu items are added to a menu JMenuBar bar = new JMenuBar(); bar.add(diner); The menu bar can be added to a JFrame in two different ways: 1.Using the setJMenuBar method setJMenuBar(bar); 2.Using the add method – which can be used to add a menu bar to a JFrame or any other container

24. A GUI with a Menu: An Example

25. A GUI with a Menu: An Example (Cont’d)

27. Resulting GUI: After clicking Add Colors in the menu barResulting GUI: Start view Resulting GUI: After clicking Red and White in the menu bar Resulting GUI: After clicking all the colors in the menu bar

28. The AbstractButton and Dimension Classes The classes JButton and JMenuItem are derived classes of the abstract class named AbstractButton  All of their basic properties and methods are inherited from the class AbstractButton Objects of the Dimension class are used with buttons, menu items, and other objects to specify a size  The Dimension class is in the package java.awt Dimension(int width, int height)  Note: width and height parameters are in pixels

29. The setActionCommand Method When a user clicks a button or menu item, an event is fired that normally goes to one or more action listeners  The action event becomes an argument to an actionPerformed method.  This action event includes a String instance variable called the action command for the button or menu item.  The default value for this string is the string written on the button or the menu item.  This string can be retrieved with the getActionCommand method: e.getActionCommand()

30. The setActionCommand method can be used to change the action command for a component  This is especially useful when two or more buttons or menu items have the same default action command strings JButton nextButton = new JButton("Next"); nextButton.setActionCommand("Next Button"); JMenuItem choose = new JMenuItem("Next"); choose.setActionCommand("Next Menu Item"); The setActionCommand Method (Cont’d)

31. Text Fields A text field is an object of the class JTextField  It is displayed as a field that allows the user to enter a single line of text: private JTextField name;... name = new JTextField(NUMBER_OF_CHAR);  In the text field above, at least NUMBER_OF_CHAR characters can be visible

32. There is also a constructor with one additional String parameter for displaying an initial String in the text field JTextField name = new JTextField("Enter name here.", 30); A Swing GUI can read the text in a text field using the getText method String inputString = name.getText(); The method setText can be used to display a new text string in a text field name.setText("This is some output"); Text Fields (Cont’d)

33. Text Field: An Example

34. Text Field: An Example (Cont’d)

36. Resulting GUI: When program is started and the user enters a name Resulting GUI: After clicking the “Click Me” button

37. Text Areas A text area is an object of the class JTextArea:  It is the same as a text field, except that it allows multiple lines  Two parameters to the JTextArea constructor specify the minimum number of lines, and the minimum number of characters per line that are guaranteed to be visible JTextArea theText = new JTextArea(5,20);  Another constructor has one addition String parameter for the string initially displayed in the text area JTextArea theText = new JTextArea("Enter\ntext here." 5, 20);

38. The line-wrapping policy for a JTextArea can be set using the method setLineWrap  The method takes one boolean type argument.  If the argument is true, then any additional characters at the end of a line will appear on the following line of the text area.  If the argument is false, the extra characters will remain on the same line and not be visible theText.setLineWrap(true); Text Areas (Cont’d)

39. Text Fields and Text Areas A JTextField or JTextArea can be set so that it can not be changed by the user theText.setEditable(false);  This will set theText so that it can only be edited by the GUI program, not the user  To reverse this, use true instead (this is the default) theText.setEditable(true);

40. Tip: Labeling a Text Field In order to label one or more text fields:  Use an object of the class JLabel  Place the text field(s) and label(s) in a JPanel  Treat the JPanel as a single component

41. Numbers of Characters Per Line The number of characters per line for a JTextField or JTextArea object is the number of em spaces. An em space is the space needed to hold one uppercase letter M  The letter M is the widest letter in the alphabet  A line specified to hold 20 M 's will almost always be able to hold more than 20 characters

42. Tip: Inputting and Outputting Numbers When attempting to input numbers from any Swing GUI, input text must be converted to numbers  If the user enters the number 42 in a JTextField, the program receives the string "42" and must convert it to the integer 42 The same thing is true when attempting to output a number  In order to output the number 42, it must first be converted to the string "42"

43. The Class JTextComponent Both JTextField and JTextArea are derived classes of the abstract class JTextComponent Most of their methods are inherited from JTextComponent and have the same meanings  Except for some minor redefinitions to account for having just one line or multiple lines

44. A Swing Calculator A GUI for a simple calculator keeps a running total of numbers:  The user enters a number in the text field, and then clicks either + or –.  The number in the text field is then added to or subtracted from the running total, and displayed in the text field.  This value is kept in the instance variable result.  When the GUI is first run, or when the user clicks the Reset button, the value of result is set to zero. OPTIONAL

45. A Swing Calculator (Cont’d) If the user enters a number in an incorrect format, then one of the methods throws a NumberFormatException  The exception is caught in the catch block inside the actionPerformed method  Note that when this exception is thrown, the value of the instance variable result is not changed OPTIONAL

46. A Swing Calculator (Cont’d) 1.1. 2.2. 3.3. 4.4. 5.5. 6.6.

47. Uncaught Exceptions In a Swing program, throwing an uncaught exception does not end the GUI  However, it may leave it in an unpredictable state It is always best to catch any exception that is thrown even if all the catch block does is output an error message, or ask the user to reenter some input