1. Siva Banda Director, Control Science Center of Excellence Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Behavior of Systems with Humans and Unmanned Vehicles MURI Kickoff Princeton University 13 September 2007

2. Systems with Humans and Unmanned Vehicles Objective: Develop new methods of capturing, modeling, representation, and understanding of human behavior and performance in military tactical scenarios with semi-autonomous vehicles Impact: Only by capturing and understanding the complexity of human dynamics in tactical situations can the full potential of semi- autonomous vehicles be realized

3. Behavioral Issues Affecting Human-Aided Autonomy Human Issues as an individual: workload, fatigue, belief systems, preconceived notions, incomplete information, inability to allow for erroneous data, inattention, boredom, training, not accepting data, arrogance, inability to consider the negative consequences of decisions, etc Human Issues as a member of an organization: cultural norms, pressure to conform, information compartmentalization, lines of authority, lines of responsibility, punishment, social acceptance, inability to speak truth to power, etc Avoid Tragically Bad Decisions

4. Issues at Human-Machine Team Level Human - Mental model of machines Machines - Model of human Over confidence in questionable information Issues bad model (wrong) coupling (degree & number) partial information (state & intent) uncertainty (un-forseen events, improbable events, risk)

5. Issues at Organizational Level HQ Air Traffic Control COMM Analysts Weapons Video Requests Video Requests Ground Ops who knows who who knows what who does what Men/Machines that are aware of their limitations GOAL

6. Closing thoughts Lack of unified engineering-fidelity analysis, design, and modeling & simulation tools May need team: decision & control theory, cognitive psychology, social psychology, organizational behavior, autonomous control, operations research, computer science, and others The role of unmanned vehicles (in all shapes and sizes) is expected to increase in air, land, space and water domains. This MURI is absolutely essential to move autonomous control field to a quantum step forward