1. Factors Affecting Density

2. Temperature As the temperature of most substances increases –Atoms move faster and spread apart. –Expansion increases the volume which decreases the density because the mass remains the same. Colder Warmer

3. Pressure Solids –At great depths below Earth’s surface there is extremely high pressure from the overlying rocks. –Minerals are compressed Volume decreases. Density increases

4. Fluids (Particularly gases such as the atmosphere) As pressure decreases, gases expand. This results in an increase in volume. Density decreases

5. Shape and Size If the temperature of a material remains constant, the size and shape will not affect it’s density. The mass and volume change proportionately. Al of these Aluminum objects have the same density

6. Phases of Matter For most substances particles are most closely packed in the solid phase. Most materials are densest in their solid phase.

7. Water is unusual because it is densest as a liquid. As liquid water cools, it contracts and becomes denser until it reaches a temperature of 4 o Celsius (3.98 o C). As water cools from 3.98 o C to 0 o C it expands, becoming less dense.

8. This has profound implications Ice floats resulting in –icebergs floating in the ocean –Lakes freezing from the top down.

9. Expanding water in pipes and cracks in rocks will cause them to break apart

10. The reason for this unusual property is the nature of the water molecule. (1)The molecule’s shape is asymmetrical and polarized. (a)One side is positively charged (b)The other side has a slight excess of negative charged. (2)When water is in the liquid state (a)Molecules are moving around. (b)Because of polarity some molecules are slightly attracted to one another (c)The are closer together than in most liquids.

11. When Water Freezes Bonding hydrogen atoms are shared between adjacent water molecules. An orderly, hexagonal pattern results. The open honeycomb-like crystal structure contrasts with the more closely packed molecules in liquid water.

12. Density is a concept important to geology. A few examples include:

13. Plate Tectonics – Density is a factor for … Motions associated with plate boundaries Behavior of seismic waves traveling through Earth’s interior Continental Drift Volcanic and Earthquake Activity

14. Mantle Convection

15. Behavior of Pollutants Oil Spills

16. Density of Pollutants Affects Flow

17. Sediments Flowing into the Ocean