1. Brassica napus Oil Crop By: Edwin Mendez HORT 404 Plant Breeding

2. Introduction of Brassica napus Taxonomy, origin, production, and uses Plant culture and Structure Growing Requirements and morphological structures. Parental Genome Triangle of U Objectives of Lecture

3. Breeding Objective Breeding Techniques Need for broadening genetic material Example of breeding for early-flowering. Biotechnology Application Making canola oil into Margarine Objectives of Lecture

4. Taxonomic Classification Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Brassica Species: B. napus Common name: rape, rapeseed, canola, or annual

5. Origin The origin of rape is as yet indefinite, but is most likely the Eurasian region, since the oldest known references to its cultivation have come from India, China and Japan approximating to BC 2000.

6. Production Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT 2006)

7. General Products from Rapeseed Low Erucic Acid Concentration in Oil Edible Oil Waste Meal Canola Meal Seed Meal for livestock feed

8. Edible Rapeseed - Uses Rapeseed is the third leading source of vegetable oil in the world Canola Oil

9. Plant Culture Soil Type - Prefers Loamy soils Nutrient Requirements - High Nitrogen Plant density - A row spacing of 15 cm Light intensity - Full sun Temperature - Prefers Moderate during growth, below 25 ºC day

12. The Triangle of U is a theory which describes the evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica. Triangle of U

13. Brassica napus Genome Amphidiploid AACC n=2x=19 Self-Pollinated varieties and cross pollinated varieties.

14. Parental Material Combination of B. rapa (AA, n=10) and B. Oleracea (CC, n=9) forms gives rise to B. Napus.

15. Principal Breeding Objectives Seed yield (extraction of oil)*** Oil content and oil quality*** Breeding for early flowering Resistance to frost/cold Resistance to diseases Resistance to pest Resistance to lodging

16. Centers of Genetic Collections Proposed origin such as China, India and Japan Cultivated varieties Germplasm available at different research station in India

17. Centers of Genetic Collections Indigenous collections Collection of exotic germplasm from Bengla Desh, China, Russia, Pakistan and Afghanistan

18. Breeding Due to its origin, B. napus contains the genetic variability of only those sub- species or varieties involved in the original crosses. Thus making the genetic base very narrow.

19. Strategy to broaden the genetic basis is the production or resynthesized rapeseed by crossing theoriginal ancestors.

20. Breeding for Early Flowering: Brassica napus Increase yielding crop*** Adapt Cultivar to other location Early time to reach market

22. B. Olearacea CrGC3-1B. Rapa cv. Pok Choi

23. Testing Hybrid Test in the different locations. Used markers to test indicating the presence or absence of early flowering gene. Test oil quality and quantity of new hybrid.

24. Biotechnology uses in Brassica napus In the current market, most margarine and shortening are high in bad fatty acid. The type of fatty acid chain in canola oil did not let it solidified at room temperature.

25. Canola lines expressing the antisense stearoyl- ACP desaturase (delta-9 desaturase) gene allows the oil to become solid at room temperature. It is low in saturated fat, rich in Vitamin E and a good source of omega-3 fatty acids.

26. References http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/91/3/242.pdf http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2001.00476.x?cookieSet=1 http://www.ext.colostate.edu/Pubs/crops/00110.pdf http://www.cazv.cz/2003/PSE9_03/6-ozer.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6M-40B8464- 4&_user=952835&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000049198&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=95 2835&md5=2c845061f0b475f8527c40ee1468131b#sec8 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://polyploid.agronomy.wisc.edu/material/brassica/brasica_resynth2.gif&imgrefurl=htt p://polyploid.agronomy.wisc.edu/material/brassica.html&h=307&w=437&sz=6&hl=en&start=2&sig2=Npp6GxjKedjETZMHcoFf0g& um=1&tbnid=lr1sfiMeS8uTFM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=126&ei=6cEOSN3RIqP- iQHTuvS3Cg&prev=/images%3Fq%3DB.%2Brapa%2Band%2BB.%2BOleracea%2B%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom. microsoft:en-us%26sa%3DN http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kursus.kvl.dk/shares/plantbreed/previous%2520years%2520(Danish)/200_a ktiviteter2004/_50_Background/Rapeseed/440- 1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kursus.kvl.dk/shares/plantbreed/activity2006/_background/week12/RapeseedBreeding.htm&h=555&w=328 &sz=24&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=G_A5F5rUOoWDtM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbrassica%2Bnapus%2 Bseed%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/canola/p-07.htm