1. IETF WG Presentation1 Beth Johnson TCP over Satellite (tcpsat)

2. TCP over Satellite ( tcpsat)

3. IETF WG Presentation3 General Description GOAL - To create an informational RFC describing the issues affecting TCP throughput over satellite links. ISSUES: - domains for each issue - network topology - satellite orbit LEO- ( Low Earth Orbit ) MEO-( Medium Earth Orbit ) GSO-( Geostationary Orbit ) - link rates - fixing protocol - fixing implementation

4. IETF WG Presentation4 Scope of working group Transport layer issues affecting TCP over Satellite Existing TCP options Compliant implementation with known improved performance over satellite links Recommendations of well understood protocol changes Identification of protocol changes that are potentially promising

5. IETF WG Presentation5 URL and Mailing List URLs: http://www.ieft.org/html.charters/tcpsat-charter.html http://tcpsat.lerc.nasa.gov/tcpsat/ Mailing List: General Discussion:tcp-over-satellite@listserv.trw.com To Subscribe: majordomo@listserve.trw.com In Body: subscribe tcp-over-satellite

6. IETF WG Presentation6 Enhancing TCP over Satellite Channels using Standard Mechanisms Satellite channel characteristics have an effect on the way transport protocols (ex. TCP) behave. When protocols such as TCP perform poorly, channel utilization is low. Improving TCP in the satellite environment

7. IETF WG Presentation7 Satellite Characteristics Delay in the delivery of a message over a satellite link due to finite speed of light and the altitude of communications satellites Many communications satellites are located at GSO at an altitude of approximately 36,000 km. -orbit period is the same as Earth’s -ground station can always “see” -one round-trip (RTT) would be about 558 ms Other orbits of communications satellites at LEO and MEO -use constellations of satellites for constant coverage -propagation delay from several milliseconds to 80 ms

8. IETF WG Presentation8 Fundamental Characteristics Noise: The strength of a radio signal falls in proportion to the square of the distance traveled. Bandwidth: The radio spectrum is a limited natural resource. - bandwidth available to satellite systems is limited

9. IETF WG Presentation9 Advantages of Satellite Natural broadcast capability Multicast applications Reach geographically remote areas Reach mobile users

10. IETF WG Presentation10 Disadvantages of Satellites Long feedback loop Large delay * bandwidth product (DBP) - defines the amount of data a protocol should have “in flight” Transmission errors Asymmetric use Variable round trip times Intermittent connectivity ( in non-GSO)

11. IETF WG Presentation11 Two non-TCP Mechanisms Path MTU Discovery: - used to determine the maximum packet size a connection can use on a given network path without being subjected to IP packet fragmentation - disadvantage is that it may cause a long pause before TCP is able to start sending data Forward Error Correction (FEC): - should be used to bring the performance of the link to at least fiber quality

12. IETF WG Presentation12 Standard TCP Mechanisms Congestion Control algorithms: - slow start - initializing the congestion window to one segment waits for corresponding acknowledgement (ACK) - congestion avoidance - fast retransmit - fast recovery

13. IETF WG Presentation13 Recommendations for TCP over Satellite Path-MTU Discovery FEC Fast Retransmit Fast Recovery TCP Large Window: - window scaling - PAWS - RTTM TCP SACKS

14. IETF WG Presentation14 Requirements for TCP over Satellite Slow Start Congestion Avoidance

15. IETF WG Presentation15 Ongoing TCP Research Related to Satellites Outlines mechanisms that may help the TCP better utilize the bandwidth provided by long- delay satellite environments

16. IETF WG Presentation16 Satellite Architectures Asymmetric satellite networks Satellite link as last hop Hybrid satellite networks Point-to-point satellite networks Point-to-multipoint satellite networks Multiple satellite hops

17. IETF WG Presentation17 Connection Setup TCP uses a three-way handshake to setup a connection between two hosts T/TCP bypasses the three-way handshake sends data and connection setup information T/TCP requires changes in the TCP stacks of both the sender and receiver

18. IETF WG Presentation18 Slow Start used to gradually increase the size of TCP’s sliding window Larger Initial Window - initial window be more than a single segment - triggers more ACKs opening window more rapidly - requires changes to the sender TCP stack Byte Counting - window increases based on the number of previously unacknowledged bytes ACKed, rather than on the number of ACKs received - leads to slightly larger line-rate bursts of segments

19. IETF WG Presentation19 Slow Start cont. -requires changes to the senders TCP stack Terminating Slow Start - use the packet-pai algorithm to determine a more appropriate value for sstresh - requires changes to the senders TCP stack

20. IETF WG Presentation20 Spoofing break a TCP connection between a client and a server into two parts: - client and its gateway router over satellite/wireless link - gateway router and server over Internet/wired link gateway breaks incoming TCP connections in two by acting on clients behalf allows the server to complete the transfer without delays of the satellite allows the gateway to use more appropriate version of TCP over the satellite hop requires modifications to the gateway routers

21. IETF WG Presentation21 Multiple Data Connections Start transmission uses an effective window of N segments rather than a single segment Transfer increases the window by Nsegments per RTT rather than one segment Larger over all window size Overall window decrease in the face of dropped segments is reduced when using N parallel connections The use of multiple parallel connections in a shared network, such as the Internet may lead to congestive collapse

22. IETF WG Presentation22 ACK Spacing Bursts can be spread over time by making a gateway separate ACKs by at least two segments between ACKs Allow the sender to transmit at the correct rate and thus avoid dropped segments Implemented at the router

23. IETF WG Presentation23 TCP Header Compression Replaces the data in the TCP and IP headers that remains constant, changes slowly, or changes in a predictable manner The sender first sends a full TCP header including in it a connection number that the sender will use to reference the connection Receiver stores the full header and uses it as a template, filling in some fields from the limited information contained in later compressed headers Requires changes at both the sender and receiving ends

24. IETF WG Presentation24 42nd IETF Meeting Los Angles, CA March 30 - April 3 TCP over Satellite meets: Tuesday, March 31 9:00 - 11:15