1. Exploring the Internet
Instructor: Michael Krolak
Instructor: Patrick Krolak
See also
Authors: P. D. & M. S. Krolak Copyright 2005

2. Tonight
The Internet
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3. Class Announcements
Class Notes Have been posted.

4. Follow Up from Last Class
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5. Exploring the Internet
91.113
Topic: A Brief History of the Internet
P. D. Krolak & M.S. Krolak © 2005

6. First there was the idea . . .
Vannevar Bush outlines the idea of hypermedia in The Atlantic Monthly in July 1945 in “As We May Think”. He describes a futuristic machine called the Memex.
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7. Brief history of the Internet
Created as research network and to help the nation survive a nuclear attack.
The university phase – major research schools joined the net to share and communicate research ideas.
People network when browsers made it easy for the non geek to use it.
Commercial and government phase,i.e. ecommerce and egovernment.

8. Brief history of the Internet (cont.)
5. Wireless and age of the intelligent machines, smart houses, smart cars.
Wireless devices merge the telephone, the computer, and the entertainment center.
Can be hand held like PDAs, Blackberries, etc. Can be laptops.
Your car will soon have a local area network of several hundred computers that will connect to Web.

9. ENIAC- World’s First General Purpose Programmable Computer

10. In the beginning (Oct. 4, 1957)
… there was Sputnik, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower said, “This is bad.” And so he founded ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Source: NASA/JPL

11. What is ARPA?
Created "for the direction or performance of such advanced projects in the field of research and development as the Secretary of Defense shall, from time to time, designate by individual project or by category."
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12. The Visionary of the Internet
In August 1962, J.C.R. Licklider, a VP at BBN, describes the idea of a “Galactic Network”. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.

13. A Vision of HyperText and HyperLinks
In 1965, Ted Nelson gave a presentation titled "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate." Nelson described to the scientific community his interconnected "docuverse“, an idea similar to Licklider’s Gallactic Network.
Nelson coined the term "hypertext“ and “hyperlink”

14. What is HyperText? hypertext n.
1. The organization of information units into connected associations that a user can choose to make. An instance of such an association is called a link or hypertext link or a hyperlink.
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15. What is ARPANET?
August 30, 1969 –ARPANET, the first Wide Area Network, is introduced. The first manifestation of ARPANET connected four universities.
Implements TCP/IP and packet switching
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16. Networked
Ray Tomlinson sent the first network in 1971 using a program called SNDMSG
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17. CSNET
1980, NSF funds the development of a network for universities not doing research for DARPA (previously known as ARPA)
Estimated one day to build
Limited to computer science departments because commercial interests were deemed impractical.
Connected ARPANET and CSNET
56 Kbps network
Dr. Lawrence Landweber

18. USENET Started in 1979 as a “poor man’s ARPANET” at Duke University.
Postings to USENET are called articles. Postings are categorized into newsgroups.

19. MILNET
Started between 1983 and 1984, it separated the Military part of ARPANET from the academics.
Only carried unclassified information
Still exists today

20. Local Area Networks
Local Area Networks (LANs) are computers connected by a network and are close to each other as in one building or collection of buildings.

21. BITNET
Because It's Time Network

22. FIDONET
FidoNet was invented in 1984 by Tom Jennings to move messages to Bulletin Board Services (BBS). The entire system was done through telephone calls during the National Mail Hour. It was organized entirely by private citizens.

23. NSFNET Created in 1985, it was a 1.5 Mbps (T1) network.
ARPANET is shut down in 1990 and all of its users are migrated to NSFNET

24. Archie, Veronica, and Jughead
Before the web, Archie was a program for finding anonymous ftp files on the Internet.
The University of Minnesota created a pre-web scheme find information on the Internet using servers called ‘gophers’. Veronica and Jughead were programs that performed the search.

25. The World Wide Web (WWW) or the web
The web is a major change in the development of the Internet. The creation of a browser tied to the hyperlinked document allowed the non-technical person use the web as a virtual library, an online shopping mall, and a means of social interaction. These and a host of other applications evolved in the relatively short space of a few years in the mid-nineties.

26. Along Came the World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee created the concept of documents located all over the Internet linked by highlighted text within the documents, i.e. the web.
Work done at CERN, the European Laboratory of Particle Physics Lab.

27. The First Popular Browser: Mosaic

28. The Global Picture by 1995

29. And along came Netscape . . .
In 1993, making $6.85 an hour working at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champlain.
By the end of 1995, he was worth over $170 million
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30. Never to be outdone
In 1975, Bill Gates drops out of Harvard University.
Nov. 16, 1995, Goldman, Sachs & Co. removed Microsoft's stock from its “recommended for purchase” list.
Turns Microsoft around and becomes wealthiest man in the world.

31. Open Source Goes Mainstream
Linus Torvalds, a Finnish college student, creates Linux, an open source version of UNIX in 1991.
Soon a worldwide network of programmers began developing features and using Linux.
Linux, a free Operating System, rivals Microsoft in Web Servers.
In June 2002, Steve Balmer of Microsoft states, "Linux is a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches."

32. The Meow Wars on USENET
"I suggest that we start either posting or crossposting to alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead. I also suggest that we use big words and perfect grammar, and refuse to write as the young ruffians in question speak. This could lead to some interesting 'dialogue.' “
-Matt Bruce
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33. Yahoo!
“The two founders of Yahoo!, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates in Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in a campus trailer in February 1994 as a way to keep track of their personal interests on the Internet. Before long they were spending more time on their home-brewed lists of favorite links than on their doctoral dissertations. Eventually, Jerry and David's lists became too long and unwieldy, and they broke them out into categories. When the categories became too full, they developed subcategories ... and the core concept behind Yahoo! was born.
The Web site started out as "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web" but eventually received a new moniker with the help of a dictionary. The name Yahoo! is an acronym for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle“
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34. Amazon.com
Jeff Bezos, a former hedge fund manager and Vice President for Bankers Trust Company, founds Amazon.com in his garage in 1995.
After a thorough analysis of the mail order industry, Bezos discovered that there did not exist a dominant mail order catalogue for books.
By 1997, the market capitalization of Amazon.com was worth more than the two largest competitors, Barnes and Nobles and Border’s Books, combined.
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35. Dotcom Boom Investors dumped $30 billion into dot-com startups in 2000
One million new web pages a day
Founders who were bought out early made fortunes overnight.
Advent of day traders

36. Napster
In 1999, Shawn Fanning, an 18-year-old Northeastern University dropout worked for days without sleep in his uncle's office creating Napster
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37. Dotcom Bust
March 10th, 2000
Two years later the tech heavy NASDAQ index (above) was almost less than two fifth’s of its price.
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38. Bert is Evil
In the aftermath of 9/11, bertisevil.com gets strange form of advertising : an Osama bin Laden rally.

39. Apple Strikes Back Steve Jobs releases iTunes for the Mac and Windows.
The majority of Apple profits begin coming from iTunes.
iTunes recently released as part of a cell phone.

40. FireFox Released
A free, cross-platform, open-source, graphical web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation released in November 9, 2004
No Spyware reported.

41. What is the Internet?
“The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term "Internet".
"Internet" refers to the global information system that -- (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein."

42. Take-Aways Hypermedia Packet Switching HTTP World Wide Web
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Browser Wars
Peer to Peer Software
Meow Wars
USENET
Newsgroup
Dotcoms

43. References
Bush, Vannevar “The Atlantic Monthly” July 1945 “As We May Think” republished at