2. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 1 Introduction to Privacy January 28, 2007

3. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 2 Administrivia Collect homework and human subjects certificates Student survey forms

5. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 4 Outline What is privacy? Privacy laws and self-regulation Privacy risks from personalization Reducing privacy risks

6. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 5 What is privacy?

7. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 6 What does privacy mean to you? How would you define privacy? What does it mean to you for something to be private?

8. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 7 Concept versus right Privacy as concept What is it How and why it is valued Privacy as right How it is (or should be) protected  By law  By policy  By technology

9. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 8 Hard to define “Privacy is a value so complex, so entangled in competing and contradictory dimensions, so engorged with various and distinct meanings, that I sometimes despair whether it can be usefully addressed at all.” Robert C. Post, Three Concepts of Privacy, 89 Geo. L.J. 2087 (2001).

10. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 9 Some definitions from the literature Personhood Intimacy Secrecy Contextual integrity Limited access to the self Control over information

11. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 10 Limited access to self “Being alone.” - Shane (age 4) “the right to be let alone” - Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1890) “our concern over our accessibility to others: the extent to which we are known to others, the extent to which others have physical access to us, and the extent to which we are the subject of others attention. - Ruth Gavison, “Privacy and the Limits of the Law,” Yale Law Journal 89 (1980)

12. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 11 Control over information “Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others.” “…each individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process in which he balances the desire for privacy with the desire for disclosure and communication….” Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1967

13. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 12 Realizing limited access and control Limited access Laws to prohibit or limit collection, disclosure, contact Technology to facilitate anonymous transactions, minimize disclosure Control Laws to mandate choice (opt-in/opt-out) Technology to facilitate informed consent, keep track of and enforce privacy preferences

14. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 13 Westin’s four states of privacy Solitude individual separated from the group and freed from the observation of other persons Intimacy individual is part of a small unit Anonymity individual in public but still seeks and finds freedom from identification and surveillance Reserve the creation of a psychological barrier against unwanted intrusion - holding back communication

15. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 14 Britney Spears: “We just need privacy” “You have to realize that we're people and that we need, we just need privacy and we need our respect, and those are things that you have to have as a human being.” — Britney Spears 15 June 2006 NBC Dateline http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/15/people.spears.reut/index.html

16. Only a goldfish can live without privacy… Is this true? Can humans live without privacy?

17. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 16 Privacy as animal instinct Eagles eating a deer carcass http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/eagle/CaptureE63.html Is privacy necessary for species survival?

18. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 17 Privacy laws and self-regulation

19. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 18 OECD fair information principles http://www.datenschutz- berlin.de/gesetze/internat/ben.htm Collection limitation Data quality Purpose specification Use limitation Security safeguards Openness Individual participation Accountability

20. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 19 US FTC simplified principles Notice and disclosure Choice and consent Data security Data quality and access Recourse and remedies US Federal Trade Commission, Privacy Online: A Report to Congress (June 1998), http://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy3/

21. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 20 Privacy laws around the world Privacy laws and regulations vary widely throughout the world US has mostly sector-specific laws, with relatively minimal protections - often referred to as “patchwork quilt” Federal Trade Commission has jurisdiction over fraud and deceptive practices Federal Communications Commission regulates telecommunications European Data Protection Directive requires all European Union countries to adopt similar comprehensive privacy laws that recognize privacy as fundamental human right Privacy commissions in each country (some countries have national and state commissions) Many European companies non-compliant with privacy laws (2002 study found majority of UK web sites non-compliant)

22. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 21 Some US privacy laws Bank Secrecy Act, 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1971 Privacy Act, 1974 Right to Financial Privacy Act, 1978 Cable TV Privacy Act, 1984 Video Privacy Protection Act, 1988 Family Educational Right to Privacy Act, 1993 Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 1994 Freedom of Information Act, 1966, 1991, 1996

23. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 22 US law – recent additions HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996) When implemented, will protect medical records and other individually identifiable health information COPPA (Children‘s Online Privacy Protection Act, 1998) Web sites that target children must obtain parental consent before collecting personal information from children under the age of 13 GLB (Gramm-Leach-Bliley-Act, 1999) Requires privacy policy disclosure and opt-out mechanisms from financial service institutions

24. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 23 Voluntary privacy guidelines Direct Marketing Association Privacy Promise http://www.thedma.org/library/ privacy/privacypromise.shtml Network Advertising Initiative Principles http://www.networkadvertising.org/ CTIA Location-based privacy guidelines http://www.wow- com.com/news/press/body.cfm?record_id=907

25. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 24

26. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 25 Chief privacy officers Companies are increasingly appointing CPOs to have a central point of contact for privacy concerns Role of CPO varies in each company Draft privacy policy Respond to customer concerns Educate employees about company privacy policy Review new products and services for compliance with privacy policy Develop new initiatives to keep company out front on privacy issue Monitor pending privacy legislation

27. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 26 Seal programs TRUSTe – http://www.truste.org BBBOnline – http://www.bbbonline.org CPA WebTrust – http://www.cpawebtrust.org/ Japanese Privacy Mark http://privacymark.org/

28. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 27 Seal program problems Certify only compliance with stated policy Limited ability to detect non-compliance Minimal privacy requirements Don’t address privacy issues that go beyond the web site Nonetheless, reporting requirements are forcing licensees to review their own policies and practices and think carefully before introducing policy changes

29. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 28 Privacy policies Policies let consumers know about site’s privacy practices Consumers can then decide whether or not practices are acceptable, when to opt-in or opt-out, and who to do business with The presence of privacy policies increases consumer trust What are some problems with privacy policies?

30. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 29 Privacy policy problems BUT policies are often difficult to understand hard to find take a long time to read change without notice

31. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 30 Privacy policy components Identification of site, scope, contact info Types of information collected Including information about cookies How information is used Conditions under which information might be shared Information about opt-in/opt-out Information about access Information about data retention policies Information about seal programs Security assurances Children’s privacy There is lots of information to convey -- but policy should be brief and easy-to-read too! What is opt-in? What is opt-out?

32. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 31 Short Notices Project organized by Hunton & Williams law firm Create short version (short notice) of a human-readable privacy notice for both web sites and paper handouts Sometimes called a “layered notice” as short version would advise people to refer to long notice for more detail Now being called “highlights notice” Focus on reducing privacy policy to at most 7 boxes Standardized format but only limited standardization of language Proponents believe highlights format may eventually be mandated by law Alternative proposals from privacy advocates focus on check boxes Interest Internationally http://www.privacyconference2003.org/resolution.asp Interest in the US for financial privacy notices http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/privacyinitiatives/ftcfinalreport060228.pdf

33. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 32

34. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 33

35. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 34

36. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 35 Checkbox proposal WE SHARE [DO NOT SHARE] PERSONAL INFORMATION WITH OTHER WEBSITES OR COMPANIES. Collection: YESNO We collect personal information directly from you   We collect information about you from other sources:   We use cookies on our website   We use web bugs or other invisible collection methods   We install monitoring programs on your computer   Uses: We use information about you to:With YourWithout Your ConsentConsent Send you advertising mail   Send you electronic mail   Call you on the telephone   Sharing: We allow others to use your information to:With YourWithout YourConsent Maintain shared databases about you   Send you advertising mail   Send you electronic mail   Call you on the telephoneN/AN/A Access: You can see and correct {ALL, SOME, NONE} of the information we have about you. Choices: You can opt-out of receiving fromUsAffiliatesThird Parties Advertising mail   Electronic mail   Telemarketing  N/A Retention: We keep your personal data for:{Six Months Three Years Forever} Change:We can change our data use policy {AT ANY TIME, WITH NOTICE TO YOU, ONLY FOR DATA COLLECTED IN THE FUTURE}

37. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 36

38. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 37

39. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 38

40. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 39 Platform for Privacy Preferences Project (P3P) Developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) http://www.w3.org/p3p/ Final P3P1.0 Recommendation issued 16 April 2002 Offers an easy way for web sites to communicate about their privacy policies in a standard machine-readable format Can be deployed using existing web servers Enables the development of tools (built into browsers or separate applications) that Summarize privacy policies Compare policies with user preferences Alert and advise users

41. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 40 Basic components P3P provides a standard XML format that web sites use to encode their privacy policies Sites also provide XML “policy reference files” to indicate which policy applies to which part of the site Sites can optionally provide a “compact policy” by configuring their servers to issue a special P3P header when cookies are set No special server software required User software to read P3P policies called a “P3P user agent”

42. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 41 What’s in a P3P policy? Name and contact information for site The kind of access provided Mechanisms for resolving privacy disputes The kinds of data collected How collected data is used, and whether individuals can opt-in or opt-out of any of these uses Whether/when data may be shared and whether there is opt-in or opt-out Data retention policy

43. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 42 A simple HTTP transaction Web Server GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.att.com... Request web page HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html... Send web page

44. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 43 … with P3P 1.0 added Web Server GET /w3c/p3p.xml HTTP/1.1 Host: www.att.com Request Policy Reference File Send Policy Reference File GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.att.com... Request web page HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html... Send web page Request P3P PolicySend P3P Policy

45. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 44 P3P increases transparency P3P clients can check a privacy policy each time it changes P3P clients can check privacy policies on all objects in a web page, including ads and invisible images http://adforce.imgis.com/?adlink|2|68523|1|146|ADFORCE http://www.att.com/accessatt/

46. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 45 P3P in IE6 Privacy icon on status bar indicates that a cookie has been blocked – pop-up appears the first time the privacy icon appears Automatic processing of compact policies only; third-party cookies without compact policies blocked by default

47. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 46 Users can click on privacy icon for list of cookies; privacy summaries are available at sites that are P3P-enabled

48. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 47 Privacy summary report is generated automatically from full P3P policy

49. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 48 P3P in Netscape 7 Preview version similar to IE6, focusing, on cookies; cookies without compact policies (both first-party and third-party) are “flagged” rather than blocked by default Indicates flagged cookie

50. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 49 Privacy Bird Free download of beta from http://privacybird.com/http://privacybird.com/ Origninally developed at AT&T Labs Released as open source “Browser helper object” for IE6 Reads P3P policies at all P3P-enabled sites automatically Bird icon at top of browser window indicates whether site matches user’s privacy preferences Clicking on bird icon gives more information

51. Chirping bird is privacy indicator

52. Red bird indicates mismatch

53. Check embedded content too

54. Privacy settings

55. Example: Sending flowers

58. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 57 Privacy Finder Prototype developed at AT&T Labs, improved and deployed by CUPS Uses Google or Yahoo! API to retrieve search results Checks each result for P3P policy Evaluates P3P policy against user’s preferences Reorders search results Composes search result page with privacy annotations next to each P3P-enabled result Users can retrieve “Privacy Report” similar to Privacy Bird policy summary

59. Demo

60. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 59 P3P Resources For further information on P3P see: http://www.w3.org/P3P/ http://p3ptoolbox.org/ http://p3pbook.com/

61. Privacy risks from personalization

62. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 61 Unsolicited marketing Desire to avoid unwanted marketing causes some people to avoid giving out personal information

63. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 62 My computer can “figure things out about me” The little people inside my computer might know it’s me… … and they might tell their friends

64. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 63 Inaccurate inferences “My TiVo thinks I’m gay!”

65. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 64 Surprisingly accurate inferences Everyone wants to be understood. No one wants to be known.

66. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 65 You thought that on the Internet nobody knew you were a dog… …but then you started getting personalized ads for your favorite brand of dog food

67. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 66 Price discrimination Concerns about being charged higher prices Concerns about being treated differently

68. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 67 Revealing private information to other users of a computer Revealing info to family members or co-workers Gift recipient learns about gifts in advance Co-workers learn about a medical condition Revealing secrets that can unlock many accounts Passwords, answers to secret questions, etc.

69. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 68 The Cranor family’s 25 most frequent grocery purchases (sorted by nutritional value)!

70. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 69 Exposing secrets to criminals Stalkers, identity thieves, etc. People who break into account may be able to access profile info People may be able to probe recommender systems to learn profile information associated with other users

71. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 70 Subpoenas Records are often subpoenaed in patent disputes, child custody cases, civil litigation, criminal cases

72. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 71 Government surveillance Governments increasingly looking for personal records to mine in the name of fighting terrorism People may be subject to investigation even if they have done nothing wrong

73. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 72 Little Brother as Big Brother

75. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 74 Risks may be magnified in future Wireless location tracking Semantic web applications Ubiquitous computing

76. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2008 Lorrie Cranor http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups.html/ 75 If you’re not careful, you may violate data protection laws Some jurisdictions have privacy laws that Restrict how data is collected and used Require that you give notice, get consent, or offer privacy-protective options Impose penalties if personal information is accidentally exposed