1. Metal Forging Chapter 3.13

3. http://www.mefos.se/images/forging.jpg

4. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/challenge/making/forg.asp Open die video Closed Die video Both videos are from the Forging Industry Association http://www.forging.org/facts/faq9.htm http://www.forging.org/facts/faq9.htm

6. http://www.forging.org/facts/idproc.htm Impression Die Forging Process Operations

7. 3. Upsetting, or heading, a common technique for making fasteners, gathers steel in the head and other sections along the length of the part. 2. In backward extrusion, the steel flows back and around the descending punch to form cup-shaped pieces. 1. Forward extrusion reduces slug diameter and increases its length to produce parts such as stepped shafts and cylinders.

9. We produced con-rod's forging mold with a main bearing hole in its large end, so as to the 'metal flow' runs along con-rod's entire body. And with a use of special material, we succeeded in producing con-rod with extreme intensity and durability. http://www.tomei-p.co.jp/_2003web-catalogue/e060_conrod.htmhttp://www.tomei-p.co.jp/_2003web-catalogue/e060_conrod.htm l

10. The door hinge assembly, shown in Figure 6-4, is currently the only instance of a forged aluminum door hinge for a production North American automobile. It is used on a high performance sport car. Since the hinge is critical to occupant safety, it meets all requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 206, which applies to door locks and door retention components. The hinge assembly additionally meets the vehicle manufacturer's internal standards for life cycle requirements and door sag. Life cycle requirements were verified by 35,000 cycles of testing over a wide temperature range. The door sag requirements were verified by deflection testing using prototypes machined from forged blocks. The forged aluminum hinge replaced a cast steel design, reducing vehicle weight by 2 kg (4.5 lb). Purchase price was reduced by 50%. Part of the cost reduction is attributed to the as forged surface quality of the forgings, which receive a powder coat without requiring any surface finishing. http://www.forging.org/engineer/pdf/CaseStudy_64.PDF

12. http://www.heungkuk.co.kr/hk_eng_prod_forg.html ASM Metals Handbook Vol.9 Bralla

17. ASM Metals Handbook Desk Edition

20. ASM Metals Handbook Vol.20 Materials Selection and Design