1. MathCAD

2. Boundary value problem  Second order differential equation have two initial values. They can be placed in different points. ab A B for

3. Boundary value problem Other type of initial conditions for ab tg  = B A

4. Boundary value problem  Concerns second order differential equations or systems of first order differential equations  Initial conditions are given on opposite boundaries of solving range  Numerical methods (usually) needs initial values focused in one point (one of the boundaries)

5. Boundary value problem Initial conditions to start the integrating procedure for ab tg  = B

6. Boundary value problem We have to guess missing initial condition at the point we start the calculations Conditions givenCondition to guess y A, y B y’ A or y’ B y A, y’ B y’ A or y B y’ A, y B y A or y’ B

7. Boundary value problem HOW TO GUESS??!! 1. Assume missing initial value(s) at start point 2. Make the calculation to the endpoint of independent variable 3. Check the difference between boundary condition calculated and given on the endpoint 4. If the difference (error) is too large change the assumed values and go back to point 2.

8. Boundary value problem Example: Given initial conditions of system of two differential equations (range ): y 1a, y 1b To start calculations the value of y 2a is necessary 1. Assume y 2a 2. Calculate values of y 1, y 2 until the point b is reached 3. Calculate the difference (error) e = |y 1b(calculated) -y 1b,(given) | 4. If e>e max change y 2a and go to p. 2

9. Boundary value problem What is necessary to solve the boundary values problem? 1. System of equations 2. Endpoints of the range of independent variable 3. Known starting point values 4. Starting point values to guess 5. Calculation of error of functions values on the opposite side of interval

10.  To find missing initial values in the MathCAD the sbval procedure can be used. SYNTAX: sbval(v, a, b, D, S, B)  a, b – endpoints of the interval on which the differential equation is being evaluated (p. 2)  v – vector of guesses of searched initial values in the starting point a (p. 4) HAVE TO BE vector type  D – vector function of independent variable and dependent variable vector, consists of right hand sides of equations. Dependent variables in the equations HAVE TO BE vector type! (p. 1)  S – vector function of starting point and vector of guesses (v) defining initial conditions on starting point (p. 3&4)  B – function (could be vector type) to calculate error on the endpoint (b) (p. 5) Boundary value problem

13. MathCAD symbolic operations  Chosen symbolic operations accessible in MathCAD  Simple symbolic evaluation: algebraic expressions, derivating, integrating, matrix operations, calculation of limits etc.  Symbolic with keyword: substitute, expand, simplify, convert, parfrac, series, solve,

14. MathCAD symbolic operations  Symbolic operation are accessible from the Symbolic Toolbar or through the keys:  [ctrl][.] simple operations  [shift][ctrl][.] operations with keywords NO VALEUE  To get the symbolic result NO VALEUE can be assigned to the variables used in expressions!!

15. MathCAD symbolic operations  simple operations  Symbolic integration  Indefinite integration sign, expresion, [ctrl]+[.]  Symbolic derivation  Derivative sign, expression, [ctrl]+[.]

16.  Substitute - replace all occurrences of a variable with another variable, an expression or a number  expression [ctrl][shift][.] substitute, substitution equation  expand - expands all powers and products of sums in the selected expression  expression [ctrl][shift][.] expand  Simplify - carry out basic algebraic simplification and apply trigonometric and inverse function identities  expression [ctrl][shift][.] simplify MathCAD symbolic operations

17.  Factor – transforms an expression into a product  expression [ctrl][shift][.] factor  If product of differences of type independent variable integer data exists  To convert an equation to a partial fraction, type:  expression, [ctrl][shift][.] convert,parfrac, variable  series keyword finds Taylor series  expression, [ctrl][shift][.] series, variable = central point of expansion, order of approximation  To solve single equation  expression [ctrl][shift][.] solve, variable  Assumes expression equal 0 MathCAD symbolic operations

18.  To solve system of equation  Type Given  Type equations (using [ctrl]+[=])  find(var1, var2,..) [ctrl][.] MathCAD symbolic operations

19. Units in MathCAD

20.  System of units available in MathCAD:  SI - fundamental units: meters (m), kilograms (kg), seconds (s), amps (A), Kelvin (K), candella (cd), moles (mole).  MKS - fundamental units: meters (m), kilograms (kg), seconds (sec), coulombs (coul), Kelvin (K)  CGS - fundamental units: centimeters (cm), grams (gm), seconds (sec), coulombs (coul), Kelvin (K)  US - fundamental units: feet (ft), pounds (lb), seconds (sec), coulombs (coul), Kelvin (K)

21.  To add unit: type unit after number (MathCAD will add multiplication sign between number and units)  MathCAD converts units between Units Systems and between fundamental and derived unit. User can define new derived units as fallows: derived_unit:=multiplier*fundamental_unit, e.g.: kPa:=1000*Pa

22.  Independently of units used in data the results are given in fundamental units of actual Units System.  It can be changed!!  After the result of evaluation the placeholder appears. In these placeholder type the desired unit

23. Calculations with units. Calculate volume of rectangular prism of size ft