1. Defining protected-mode segment-descriptors An example of a protected-mode bootsector application that draws a message to the video display

2. What will we do once there? Let’s explore writing a bootsector program that will do something perceptible while in protected-mode, namely: show a message We won’t be able to call BIOS functions (they’re designed to work in real-mode) We must write directly to video memory

3. Recall PC Memory Layout RAM 1-MB ROM-BIOS VIDEO-BIOS VRAM 0xA0000 0xC0000 0xF0000 0x00000

4. Three VRAM zones GRAPHICS MONOCHROME TEXT COLOR TEXT 64-KB 32-KB 0xA0000 0xB0000 0xB8000

5. Array of picture-elements Text-mode VRAM is organized as an array Each array-element occupies one word Word’s LSB holds ascii character-code Word’s MSB holds a color-number pair bgcolorfgcolorASCII character-code 15 121187 0 byte nybble

6. Color-Attribute Byte Blink RGB Intense GB R foreground color attribute background color attribute

7. Screen-element locations 80 columns 25 rows characters 0..79 characters 80..159 Video screen characters 1920..1999

8. x86 “Little-Endian” storage Intel’s x86 CPUs use little-endian storage The “little end” of any multibyte value is stored at the smaller operand-address Example:EAX = 0x12345678 mov [0x9000], EAX Memory-addresses occupied by operand 0x120x340x560x78 0x9000 0x9001 0x9002 0x9003

9. Drawing a character-string Setup DS:SI with string’s starting address Setup ES:DI with initial address on screen Clear DF-bit (Direction Flag) in FLAGS register Setup desired color attribute-byte in AH register again: lodsb ; next character to AL oral, al; is final null-byte? jzfinis; yes, exit from loop stosw; write char & colors jmp again; go back for another finis:

10. Planning our memory usage To draw a screen-message in protected- mode, our program will need to address these memory-segments: –its code (executable, at 0x07C00) –its data (readable and writable, at 0x07C00) –its stack (readable, writable, expand-down) –the video ram (32KB, writable, at 0xB8000) For its return to real-mode, our program will need 64KB code and data segments

11. VRAM segment-descriptor Base[31..24]GD RSVRSV AVLAVL Limit [19..16] P DPLDPL SX C/DC/D R/WR/W ABase[23..16] Base[15..0]Limit[15..0] 3116 15 0 VRAM Base-Address = 0x000B8000 VRAM Segment-Limit = 0x07FFF (32-KB) Segment-attributes: P=1, A=0, S=1, X=0, D=0, W=1 DPL=0, G=0, D=0 (RSV=0, AVL=0).WORD0x7FFF, 0x8000, 0x920B, 0x0000

12. CODE segment-descriptor Base[31..24]GD RSVRSV AVLAVL Limit [19..16] P DPLDPL SX C/DC/D R/WR/W ABase[23..16] Base[15..0]Limit[15..0] 3116 15 0 CODE Base-Address = 0x00007C00 CODE Segment-Limit = 0x0FFFF (64-KB) Segment-attributes: P=1, A=0, S=1, X=1, C=0, R=1 DPL=0, G=0, D=0 (RSV=0, AVL=0).WORD0xFFFF, 0x7C00, 0x9A00, 0x0000

13. DATA segment-descriptor Base[31..24]GD RSVRSV AVLAVL Limit [19..16] P DPLDPL SX C/DC/D R/WR/W ABase[23..16] Base[15..0]Limit[15..0] 3116 15 0 DATA Base-Address = 0x00007C00 DATA Segment-Limit = 0x0FFFF (64-KB) Segment-attributes: P=1, A=0, S=1, X=0, D=0, W=1 DPL=0, G=0, D=0 (RSV=0, AVL=0).WORD0xFFFF, 0x7C00, 0x9200, 0x0000

14. STACK segment-descriptor Base[31..24]GD RSVRSV AVLAVL Limit [19..16] P DPLDPL SX C/DC/D R/WR/W ABase[23..16] Base[15..0]Limit[15..0] 3116 15 0 STACK Base-Address = 0x00007C00 STACK Segment-Limit = 0x001FF (512-Bytes) Segment-attributes: P=1, A=0, S=1, X=0, D=1, W=1 DPL=0, G=0, D=0 (RSV=0, AVL=0).WORD0x01FF, 0x7C00, 0x9600, 0x0000

15. Setting up the GDT Base-Address must be quadword-aligned.ALIGN8 NULL-Descriptor occupies first quadward theGDT:.WORD0, 0, 0, 0 GDT base-address and segment-limit: base:#0x00007C00 + #theGDT limit:8 * (number of descriptors) - 1

16. Loading register LDTR We can load LDTR from our stack: moveax, #0x00007C00; boot location add eax, #theGDT; add GDT offset movdx, #0x27; five descriptors pusheax; push bits 47..16 pushdx; push bits 15..0 lgdt[esp]; load 48-bit LDTR addesp, #6; discard 3 words BASE_ADDRESSLIMIT GDTR 48-bits

17. Entering protected-mode No interrupts from any peripheral devices (since BIOS’s real-mode ISRs won’t work) Set the PE-bit to 1 (in register CR0) Do a far-jump (to load the CS attributes) Load SS:SP with stacktop and attributes Setup DS and ES for data and vram Write character-string to video memory

18. Leaving protected-mode Be sure segment-registers are loaded with selectors for descriptors that have suitable segment-limits and segment-attributes for correct execution when back in real-mode Reset PE-bit to 0 (in register CR0) Do a far-jump (to load CS with paragraph) Load SS:SP with real-mode stack-address Wait for user’s keypress before rebooting

19. Demo-program We have a bootsector program on website (‘pmhello.s’) which illustrates the principles just discussed Try assembling and installing it: –$ as86 pmhello.s –b pmhello.b –$ dd if=pmhello.b of=/dev/fd0 Restart machine, use the GRUB memu to select this bootsector as execution-option

20. In-class exercises What happens if you changed the ‘code’ descriptor’s access-rights byte from 0x9A to 0x9C (i.e., conforming code-segment)? Where exactly in does the ‘expand-down’ stack-segment reside? –BASE_ADDRESS = 0x00007C00 –SEGMENT_LIMIT = 0x001FF