1. 1 Effective Field Theory and Heavy Quark Physics Matthias Neubert Cornell University Sheldon Fest – May 20-21, 2006

2. 2 Being with Sheldon is fun!

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4. 4 Penguins are dangerous…

5. 5 25+ Years of Heavy-Flavor Physics Have shared excitement of discovery

6. 6 25+ Years of Heavy-Flavor Physics Many discoveries: – Bound states containing heavy quarks – Oscillations of neutral B mesons – Flavor-changing transitions between the 3 rd and 1 st generations (t→d, b→u) – Penguin-mediated decays (B→X s γ ) – CP violation in B mixing and decays – …

7. 7 25+ Years of Heavy-Flavor Physics Precision physics: – CKM elements (|V cb | at 1.7%, |V ub | at 7%) – Quark masses (m b at 1.2%) – Fundamental nonperturbative parameters (Λ, μ π 2, Isgur-Wise function, shape function, …)

8. 8 25+ Years of Heavy-Flavor Physics Implications for physics beyond the Standard Model – Scales probed in flavor physics extend far beyond the reach of high-energy colliders (few - 10 3 TeV) – New physics must be heavier than we’d like it to be, or it must be hidden very well – Minimal flavor violation (and extensions thereof) – In my view, flavor physics is one of the strongest arguments against low-scale SUSY

9. 9 Role of Effective Field Theory Exploit that heavy-quark systems are always characterized by (at least) two largely different scales: Systematically separate short-distance physics (perturbative) from long-distance hadronic physics (nonperturbative) m b » Λ QCD

10. 10 Role of Effective Field Theory Main concept: – 2 expansion parameters: and perturbative nonperturbative

11. 11 Role of Effective Field Theory Early days: – C n at tree-level or one-loop order – Leading terms and 1/m b corrections State of the art: – C n at two- or three-loop order – Include 1/m b 2 or even 1/m b 3 corrections

12. 12 Role of Effective Field Theory Scale separation – Lets us compute all perturbative effects – Often simplifies residual nonperturbative interactions: Reduced matrix elements (Isgur-Wise functions, shape functions, heavy-quark parameters) Universality of hadronic physics (process independence) Applicability of lattice QCD

13. 13 Effective Field Theories for Heavy- Quark Systems Nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) – bound states containing two heavy quarks (quarkonia, B c, but also B physics on the lattice) Heavy-quark effective theory (HQET) – bound states containing a single heavy quark (B physics at low recoil) Soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) – processes containing soft and energetic partons, including heavy quarks (processes at large recoil)

14. 14 Effective Field Theories for Heavy- Quark Systems Roots of these concepts are rather old – NRQCD a sibbling of NRQED (studied in 1980s) – HQET based on symmetry arguments first written down in 1980 – SCET based on eikonal approximation familiar from soft bremsstrahlung in classical electro- dynamics

15. 15 Symmetries and EFT Many EFTs for heavy-quark systems are built on concept of symmetries, which simplify the dynamics Technically, they result from simplifications of QCD Feynman rules (propagators and vertices) in certain limits, e.g.: = ig s t a v μ = ig s t a n μ [see, e.g., G. Sterman, Nucl. Phys. B 281 (1987) 310]

16. 16 Symmetries and EFT Absence of Dirac γ μ matrices gives rise to spin symmetries of HQET and SCET Independence of hard scales m b, E (after scale separation) can be interpreted as a heavy-flavor symmetry (HQET), or large- recoil symmetry, boost symmetry, scaling (SCET)

17. 17 Symmetries and EFT E. Shuryak, Phys. Lett. B 93 (1980) 134: 94 citations “The masses of light (u,d,s) quarks are rather different, but still there is an approximate SU(3) and a more accurate isotopic SU(2) symmetry on their substitution. The reason for this is that these masses are too small to be important. Something similar occurs for heavy quarks (c,b,…), because their masses are too large on the usual hadronic scale. So, some symmetry for their substitution should exist between 0 - and 1 - mesons, Σ- and Λ-type baryons etc.”

18. 18 Symmetries and EFT E. Shuryak, Nucl. Phys. B 198 (1982) 83: 290 citations “In this limit hadrons with one heavy quark resemble the hydrogen atom with its fixed center, and many problems of current models of hadronic structure … are made trivial. Mesons made of one very heavy and one light quark are, in some sense, the simplest hadrons in which non-trivial QCD dynamics is essential, so study of them is of great importance. Of course, mesons made out of two very heavy quarks are simpler, but they are next to trivial.”

19. 19 Symmetries and EFT N. Isgur and M.B. Wise, Phys. Lett. B 237 (1990) 527: 1387 citations “The new symmetries allow us to obtain absolutely normalized model-independent predictions in the heavy-quark limit of all the form factors for the Q 1 → Q 2 induced weak pseudoscalar to pseudoscalar and pseudoscalar to vector transitions in terms of a single universal function ξ(t) with ξ(0)=1.”

20. 20 Symmetries and EFT Symmetry relations and normalization of Isgur- Wise function can be used to extract |V cb | [MN, Phys. Lett. B 264 (1991) 455]

21. 21 Symmetries and EFT Heavy-quark symmetries have many important ramifications in phenomenology In particular: – Exclusive |V cb | determination (spin-symmetry relations among different B→D * form factors) – Form-factor relations for heavy-to-light transitions such as B→π,ρ and D→ π,ρ (flavor symmetry), which may help for exclusive |V ub | determination

22. 22 Symmetries and EFT In spectroscopy, find relations between level spacings in bottom and charm systems E.g.: – m B* 2 -m B 2 ≈ 0.49 GeV 2 vs. m D* 2 -m D 2 ≈ 0.55 GeV 2 – m B2* 2 -m B1 2 ≈ m D2* 2 -m D1 2 ≈ 0.17 GeV 2 – m Bs -m B ≈ m Ds -m D ≈ 0.10 GeV – and many more …

23. 23 Recent Applications: I. Factorization in Hadronic B Decays QCD factorization approach achieves scale separation at leading power in 1/m b for a large class of exclusive hadronic B decays (alternative: pQCD approach) Decay amplitudes predicted model- independently, including their normalization and strong-interaction phases [Beneke, Buchalla, MN, Sachrajda (1999); Keum, Li, Sanda (2000)]

24. 24 Recent Applications: I. Factorization in Hadronic B Decays In language of effective field theory, this is accomplished by matching QCD amplitudes onto matrix elements in SCET QCD → SCET I → SCET II (HQET) [Bauer, Pirjol, Stewart (2000)]

25. 25 Recent Applications: I. Factorization in Hadronic B Decays Extraction of γ: – B→PV modes have smaller penguins than B→PP modes – Smaller uncertainties when γ is extracted from time-dependent rates in B→πρ decays Result: [Beneke, MN (2003)] B→πρ B→ ππ Old data New data γ = (62 ± 8) o

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27. 27 Applications: II. Factorization in Inclusive B Decays At leading power in Λ QCD /m b, the B→X s γ decay rate factorizes into a convolution of three objects: [MN (1993); Bigi, Shifman, Uraltsev (1993); Korchemsky, Sterman (1994)]

28. 28 Applications: II. Factorization in Inclusive B Decays Master formula for the partial rate: Γ ~ H ( μ h ) * U(μ h,μ i ) * J(μ i ) * U(μ i,μ 0 ) * M(μ 0 ) QCD → SCET → RG evolution → HQET → RG evolution → Local OPE Perturbation theory Hadronic physics μ h ~ m b μ i ~√m b Δ μ 0 ~ Δ=m b -2E 0

29. 29 Applications: II. Factorization in Inclusive B Decays Master formula for the partial rate: Perturbation theory Hadronic physics μ h ~ m b μ i ~√m b Δ μ 0 ~ Δ=m b -2E 0 [MN (2004)]

30. 30 Applications: II. Factorization in Inclusive B Decays After resummation, largest uncertainties are probed by variations of the low scale μ 0 ~Δ≈1 GeV: μ0/Δμ0/Δ F(1.8 GeV) / default NNLO NLO [Becher, MN (in preparation)]

31. 31 Applications: III. Factorization in Collider Physics Generic problem in QCD: – Resummation for processes with multiple scales – Interplay of soft and collinear emissions → Sudakov double logarithms – Jet physics: M X 2 « Q 2 Soft: Soft: low momentum p μ →0 Collinear: Collinear: p || p X with p 2 →0 – Examples: DIS, fragmentation, Drell-Yan, Higgs production, event shapes, inclusive B decays, … MXMX

32. 32 Applications: III. Factorization in Collider Physics QCD factorization formula for DIS (x→1): soft- collinear – Most transparent to derive this in SCET: need hard-collinear, anti-collinear, and soft- collinear modes (called “soft” in the literature) – Resum threshold logarithms by solving RGEs of SCET in momentum space [Manohar (2003); Becher, MN, Pecjak (in preparation)]

33. 33 Applications: III. Factorization in Collider Physics Exact momentum-space formula for resummed structure function F 2 (x,Q 2 ): – Vastly simpler than existing results – Free of spurious Landau poles [Becher, MN (2006)]

34. 34 Final Remarks We love heavy-quark physics because … – it probes a sector of particle physics hiding great mysteries – over the past 25 years, it has offered us lots of real data – it has been characterized by close collaborations between experimenters and theorists – theoretical work is crucial to experimental success

35. 35 Final Remarks Look forward to continuing these studies in LHC era, when particle physics moves back to Europe Sheldon will continue to be part on it …

36. 36 … and he will continue to enjoy it! LHC b week in Barcelona (September 2005)