1. Preparing and Delivering Lectures Nadia Al Wardy

2. Why do we lecture?

3. To: Provide course cohesion Provide course cohesion Brief students about what we expect of them Brief students about what we expect of them Help them see the important points Help them see the important points Tell them things Tell them things

4. Some less positive reasons It’s what students expect It’s what students expect It’s what I’m timetabled to do It’s what I’m timetabled to do It’s the way it’s done round here It’s the way it’s done round here I haven’t time/energy/resources to do it any other way I haven’t time/energy/resources to do it any other way

5. “Lecture: process by which the notes of a teacher becomes the notes of a student without passing through the minds of either” Michael O’Donnell

6. Preparing Lectures Purposes – objectives (in the form of Qs) Purposes – objectives (in the form of Qs) Content – essential principles, little detail Content – essential principles, little detail Organisation – classical, problem-centred Organisation – classical, problem-centred Preparation of audio-visual aids – is it fulfilling its purpose? Preparation of audio-visual aids – is it fulfilling its purpose?

7. Classical Outline purpose of lecture Describe main themes Outline & explain first key point Illustrate with examples Repeat first key point Summarize Repeat main themes & conclude Outline & explain second key point Illustrate with examples Repeat second key point

8. Problem-centred Statement of Problem Offer solution 1 Offer solution 2 Discuss strengths and weaknesses of solution 1 Summary & concluding remarks Discuss strengths and weaknesses of solution 2

9. Preparing Lectures Purposes – objectives (in the form of Qs) Purposes – objectives (in the form of Qs) Content – essential principles, little detail Content – essential principles, little detail Organisation – classical, problem-centred Organisation – classical, problem-centred Preparation of audio-visual aids – is it fulfilling its purpose? Preparation of audio-visual aids – is it fulfilling its purpose?

10. Skills of Lecturing OpeningsExplainingSummarizing

11. Openings

13. Openings Gain attention of the group Gain attention of the group Establish a relationship with the group Establish a relationship with the group Provide the framework for the talk Provide the framework for the talk Outline of procedure Outline of procedure Introduction to content Introduction to content

14. Explaining The key skill in lecturing

15. Types of Explaining Descriptive – What? Descriptive – What? Interpretive – How? Interpretive – How? Reason giving – Why? Reason giving – Why? When? When? Where? Where?

16. To explain effectively.. 1. Identify and state the problem to be explained 2. Take account of the existing knowledge of explainees and; 3. Build an explanation which links to their existing knowledge

17. Essential Features of Explaining Clarity Clarity Generating interest Generating interest Persuasion Persuasion

18. 1. Signposts 2. Frames 3. Foci 4. Links Improving Clarity “the necessity of making things plain to uninstructed people was one of the very best means of clearing up the obscure corners of one’s own mind” Huxley 1825-95

19. Generating Interest 1. Show your own interest/commitment to the topic by being expressive 2. Think of and use examples, analogies, metaphors and models which are apt for the audience and the topic

22. Generating Interest 3. If the material is unfamiliar, begin with examples 4. Use a mixture of modes of explaining Narrative Narrative Anecdotal Anecdotal Conceptual Conceptual 5. Use puzzles, problems and questions

23. Persuasion 1. Appear credible and trustworthy 2. Present both sides of the argument 3. Do not dismiss cherished beliefs 4. Let group members draw their own conclusions

24. Endings A summary which draws together the main points and reservations A summary which draws together the main points and reservations A conclusion which may be a statement or a quotation and which may link the topics to other topics A conclusion which may be a statement or a quotation and which may link the topics to other topics The next steps? The next steps?

25. Three Key Elements Set Set Dialogue Dialogue Closure Closure

26. Set - ROLE Roles Roles Objectives Objectives Linkages Linkages Environment Environment

27. Dialogue - QUEST Questions Questions Understanding Understanding Eyes Eyes Stimulation Stimulation Timing Timing

28. Closure - REST Review Review Eyes Eyes Summary Summary Termination Termination

29. Tell them what you want say Say it Tell them what you said

30. AMEE Education Guide No. 22: Refreshing lecturing: a guide for lecturers